不同引发剂引发苯乙烯/丙烯酸丁酯微乳液共聚合竞聚率的研究

以十二烷基硫酸钠/十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDS/SDBS)为复合乳化剂,分别以水溶性引发剂过硫酸钾(KPS)、油溶性引发剂过氧化苯甲酰(BPO)和氧化-还原引发体系K₂S₂O₈/Na₂SO₃(OR)引发苯乙烯/丙烯酸丁酯(St/BA)微乳液聚合反应,研究了St/BA微乳液共聚合行为,用红外光谱法定量测定了3种引发剂下的共聚物化学组成,绘制了共聚物组成曲线,计算出了竞聚率。     

Concentrated Housing Code Enforcement in St. Louis

This research employs probit analysis to examine the selection criteria governing nonuniform application of concentrated housing code enforcement in the city of St. Louis. The study has three specific objectives: (1) to identify the goals and geographic selection criteria characteristic of St. Louis' concentrated code enforcement program during the twenty years that it was in effect; (2) to establish whether program goals and selection criteria changed over time and, if so, why; and (3) to provide some judgment on the value of code enforcement as a policy tool to either reverse or slow neighborhood decline. Although fundamentally a case study, the conclusions should be of interest to those concerned with conservation of the housing stock in older cities throughout the country.     

Black and White Preferences for Neighborhood Racial Composition

The research investigates the existence, nature and magnitude of the preferences of races to voluntarily "self-segregate" into particular areas of urban housing markets. Housing market theory is employed to develop a model showing how housing price variations within a group can provide unambiguous evidence of their preferences for neighborhood racial composition. The model is operationalized in a multiple regression specification wherein the variations in a given racial group's housing prices become a function of the dwelling's attributes and the attributes of the neighborhood (including quality, status, stability and density) as well as housing submarket location and racial composition. The size and statistical significance of the coefficient of the last attribute provides the evidence sought.
The regressions are estimated using two micro-household data bases from St. Louis (1967) and Wooster, Ohio (1975), and results compared. Results show that St. Louis black owners had an aversion to larger black proportions within black submarket neighborhoods, with .7% lower housing prices associated with a 1% higher percentage black. Racial effects for black owners in preponderantly white areas and for black renters in all areas were statistically insignificant. St. Louis whites of both tenures did not demonstrate aversion to neighborhoods with higher percentages of blacks as long as they remained 25% black or less. In areas 25–50% black, however, white prices were 1.5% lower for owners and 3.2% lower for renters per 1% higher proportion black. Such associations continued in majority-black areas, although the magnitudes of the price effect became progressively smaller. Wooster whites showed an aversion to living in neighborhoods having even a few percent of blacks, with prices 11% lower for owners and 7% lower for renters in such areas compared to all-white ones.     

The Performance Effects of Human Resource Practices: The Case of Interclub Networks in Professional Baseball, 1919–1940

This study investigates the performance effects of two industry‐specific human resource management innovations that dramatically changed the way professional baseball teams selected and trained ballplayers. In the early part of this century, major league clubs developed and refined two player‐development practices based on “reserve team” and “farm team” systems. We use a panel data set of the win/lose records for the population of 16 major league clubs for the seasons from 1919 through 1940 to test hypotheses about the effect of human resource practices on organizational performance. The results suggest that the reserve team practice had no significant impact on organizational performance. In contrast, the more complex farm‐team system, pioneered by Branch Rickey of the St. Louis Cardinals, improved organizational performance and diffused rapidly throughout the league. We estimate that by 4 years after its creation, the farm‐team system improved a team's win rate by 0.068 points relative to nonadopters of the farm‐team system and teams with less than 4 years of prior experience with a farm‐team system. The results also show that the farm‐team effect was not confined to St. Louis but also was experienced by later adopters. These results contribute to the growing literature showing a positive effect of human resource policies on organizational performance. The results also illustrate the important role the external environment plays in shaping this relationship (e.g., legal restrictions to labor mobility).     

The growth of small high-tech firms: destinies and destinations of Innovation Centre 'graduates'

Considerable attention has been paid in recent years to the activity of innovation or technology centres and to their role in nurturing small firms. There is relatively little systematic evidence on the survival and performance of such firms, either during or after their tenancy of these centres. This article reports the preliminary findings of a survey of over fifty companies which 'graduated' from St John's Innovation Centre in Cambridge over the first eight years of its existence.     

高固含量乳液制备工艺的优化及实验结果的SAS分析

在一系列单因素试验的基础上,确立了6个主要影响因素,将直接试验设计方法用于高固含量乳液苯乙烯/丙烯酸丁酯/丙烯酸(St/BA/AA)制备工艺的优化,对实验结果利用SAS软件进行了回归分析,建立了乳液的影响因素与乳液主要性能间的最优回归方程模型,并通过实验对该模型赋予的优化值进行了检验。结果表明:乳液固含量、引发剂与功能单体浓度的交互作用、乳化剂用量、软单体BA含量与反应温度的交互作用对乳胶粒粒径有明显的影响。     

危机后期经济增长方式转变、指导思想与实践路径——必须依据马克思主义理论为指导克服危机

经济增长理论是社会经济增长的一种理论反映,源于斯密和李嘉图为代表的古典经济学,是二战后在发达国家广泛流行的经济理论。但是发达国家经济学家自身存在的认识论缺陷使其不可能科学完整的建立经济增长理论及模型,因此必须遵循马克思的方法论从理论为实际的反映入手建立科学模型,并指导中国经济结构以及产业结构的调整,特别是经济增长方式的转变实践中经济结构及产业结构的优化升级。     

Nanotechnology awareness, opinions and risk perceptions among middle school students

The present study investigates awareness, factual knowledge, opinions, and risk perceptions of students from Turkish middle schools with regard to nanotechnology in a very general sense. The study was carried out among 1,396 middle school 6th, 7th, and 8th grade students. The students’ perceptions of and opinions about nanotechnology were elicited through a questionnaire developed by the authors. Students have some awareness of nanotechnology and most students had positive emotions and opinions about it. Students’ risk perceptions of nanotechnology and the influence of the demographic and affective domain, achievement in science courses, and science motivation on these perceptions were also investigated. The results show that, for gender, no significant difference was observed. However, for some of the demographic and affective domain factors, and achievement in science courses, significant differences were found.     

Personal value systems of Japanese trainees and managers in a changing competitive system

A study of personal values held by Japanese and foreign students, trainees and managers showed recent Japanese trainees slightly more conservative than their 1979 cohorts. Foreign students and foreign managers held more pro-American work values than either Japanese managers or trainees. Finally, for the Japanese respondents, there was some evidence of specific shifts away from the Japanese employment system in the areas of thenenko compensation and promotion systems in their organisations.Roy J. Adams is a Professor of Industrial Relations in McMaster University; Richard B. Peterson is a Professor of Management and Organization in the University of Washington; Hermann F. Schwind is an Associate Professor in St. Mary's University.     

基于投资理论的中国地方政府社会性支出不足研究

中国经济增长与宏观稳定课题组(2006)指出,当前中国的发展出现了以国富与民生关系失衡为本质特征的增长失衡,政府社会性支出不足是导致这一失衡的重要原因。社会性支出用于提供教育、医疗、社会保障等社会性公共产品,地方政府在该项支出上应发挥主导作用。本文从经济人假设出发,运用投资理论从一个新的视角研究中国地方政府的社会性公共产品的供给情况,以期找出中国地方政府社会性支出不足的原因。     

A Principal Component Logistic Analysis of the Mobility Decision in Transitional Neighborhoods

This study represents an extension of the literature that examines the factors affecting a household's decision to make an intrametropoli-tan move by emphasizing the importance of neighborhood characteristics in addition to the traditional life-cycle variables on the decision to move. Because of the dichotomous nature of the dependent variable and the collinearity among the independent variables, we employ both principal component and logit analysis. The primary data base is drawn from a sample of households moving into and out of two areas in St. Louis.
The results indicate that many of the traditional life-cycle variables are significant, although some behave differently than in the usual case because of the transitional nature of the neighborhoods we examine. The results also suggest that a household's perceptions regarding the quality of the neighborhood are also important determinants of mobility. Finally, when the maximum likelihood logit analysis results are compared with the principal component logit results, we find that the principal component logit technique performs better in almost all instances.     

Do Conspicuous Consumers Pay Higher Housing Premiums? Spatial and Temporal Variation in the United States

This study is the first to examine the relationship between conspicuous demand and housing price dynamics. We hypothesize that conspicuous consumers would want high‐end homes to signal their wealth and this housing consumption behavior would induce greater deviations from fundamental house prices. We test this by using a unique dataset that matches the consumers’ appetite for nonhousing luxury goods from Google Insights for Search to housing premiums that they pay for high‐end houses in U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) during 2004–2011. The estimation results demonstrate that controlling for a wide range of MSA demographic and economic characteristics, conspicuous demand has a significant, positive relationship with housing premiums. This relationship varies spatially and temporally. Conspicuous demand has a stronger relationship with a price increase in high‐end homes in MSAs with a steady, higher housing premium than in MSAs with a volatile, lower premium during the boom period. In MSAs with a steady, higher housing premium, the relationship remains significant even during the bust period, potentially contributing to maintaining higher housing premiums.     

An R & D planning and control servosystem: A case study*

This paper describes a planning and control system (PACS) to aid R & D decision-making which has been developed and used at the Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A. The planning model portion of the integrated system is a two-dimensional dynamic programming resource allocation algorithm which performs project selection, budgeting and scheduling. Behavioral parameters that can be used to simulate certain organizational factors are included in the planning model. The control model portion of the integrated system develops cost-effectiveness measures of variances between actual and planned performances for ongoing projects over time, which provide early warnings of pending project failures and guide control action. Applications of the system at Monsanto indicate that it significantly aids the development of satisfactory organizational decisions and also provides a laboratory for pretesting decisions.     

Book reviews

Books reviewed: D.J. Hoch, C.R. Roeding, G. Purkert and S.K. Linder, Secrets of Software Success: Management Insights from 100 Software Firms around the World G. Stewart, The Partnership between Science and Industry – Co‐operation or Conflict of Interest? A.S. St Leger and J.P. Walsworth‐Bell, Change‐promoting Research for Health Services K.M. Weber, Innovation Diffusion and Political Control of Energy Technologies: A Comparison of Combined Heat and Power Generation in the UK and Germany O. Grandstrand, The Economics and Management of Intellectual Property     

Selected by the Institute of Industrial Relations Library University of California at Berkeley

Activist Unionism: The Institutional Economics of Solomon Barkin. By Donald R. Stabile
Citizen Worker: The Experience of Workers in the United States with Democracy and the Free Market during the Nineteenth Century. By David Montgomery.
Collective Bargaining As an Instrument of Social Change. By David C. Jacobs.
Forging Revolution: Metalworkers, Managers, and the State in St. Petersburg, 1890–1914 . By Heather Hogan.
The Global Economic Mismatch: High Technology and Low Pay. By Henry B. Schechter.
Industrial Democracy in Europe Revisited. By the Industrial Democracy in Europe (IDE), International Research Group.
Labor and an Integrated Europe. Edited by Lloyd Ulman, Barry Eichengreen, and William T. Dickens.
A Primer on American Labor Law. Third edition. By William Gould IV.
Planning for Change: Industrial Policy and Japanese Economic Development, 1945–1990. By James Vestal.
Sexual Harassment in the Workplace: Managing Corporate Policy. By Julie Tamminen.
Workers and Working Classes in the Middle East: Struggles, Histories, Historiographies . Edited by Zachary Lockman.     

Case study: A conservative approach to green roof benefit quantification and valuation for public buildings

ABSTRACT

The U.S. federal government is routinely making severe spending cuts in an attempt to correct financial instability resulting from overspending. A more recently surfaced avenue of cost savings that is becoming increasingly popular is the implementation of sustainable design. One method of sustainable design or “green infrastructure” is installing vegetated roofs on top of buildings. Such projects require intensive cost analysis that can be extremely convoluted and difficult to present in a convincing manner. Furthermore, there is minimal guidance or literature that provides a methodology for actually quantifying these financial estimates. This article systematically decomposes decision points and calculations associated with a green roof cost analysis. This hybrid analysis strives to present the inherently specific variables such as region and building size while maintaining the generic representativeness to allow readers to replicate. Specific details are derived from the Southwestern region of the United States and generic values are national averages. A 25-year green roof life cycle is evaluated against a conventional roof to illustrate the economic differences associated with both roof types. This comparison strives to provide the framework for others to follow in their efforts to quantify the economic value of their respective green roof projects.