对加油机泵源国家标准的探讨

泵源是加油机的重要部件之一,它与加油机的吸油能力、噪声、计量准确度和可靠性等技术指标密切相关。对GB／T9081-2001《机动车燃油加油机》与泵源有关的技术要求进行探讨,分析GB 50156-2002《汽车加油加汽站设计与施工规范》对管路设置的要求,指出这两个标准的不完善之处。     

A Comparison of Approaches for Setting Standards for Technological Products

It is widely believed that setting industry-wide standards of uniformity for technological products hastens their diffusion. In this article, Barry Rosen, Steven Schnaars and David Shani examine whether standards merely make markets less competitive, or whether they promote economic growth through the accelerated diffusion of certain new products. The authors also examine conditions which are most conducive to setting standards and reflect on alternative approaches to achieving technical standards. Finally, they ask who should set industry standards? The article presents opposing arguments for allowing industry to cooperate in the setting of standards and for letting the marketplace be the ultimate arbiter of standards—acting to weed out the weak and promote the strongest technological entry.     

煤炭专用通信网电源设计

本文着重介绍了煤炭系统专用通信网的特点和通信电源的设计原则,同时指出了永煤集团通信网电源系统设计中选用技术先进的设备以及为永煤集团的建设和发展所发挥的重要作用.     

发电企业竞价上网的成本测算模型研究

对发电企业的会计成本和边际成本测算模型进行了分析,并提出分时段的固定成本分摊模型,同时对算例进行了具体测算。     

供电企业要善于行使不安抗辩权

当前,巨额电费拖欠已成为束缚供电企业健康发展的沉重包袱,严重影响国有资产的保值、增值及正常供用电秩序。面对日益增大的经营风险,供电企业依法回收电费是化解电力营销风险的根本出路。在我国立法实践中,     

Hustle for survival or bustle for revival: Effects of Guanxi orientation and order of entry for China's electronic business ventures

Electronic business ventures (EBVs), startups on Internet platforms, have recently attracted research attention. This study attempts to understand the encompassing mechanism for the superior market performance of EBVs entering China's electronic market with a focus on the effects of two important drivers. The first is Guanxi orientation, which is a strategic factor rooted in Chinese culture. The second is the order of entry or the chosen time of entering a market to gain advantages. We test six hypotheses based on data collected from 155 EBVs established over the past 10 years in China. The results show that EBVs' Guanxi orientation positively influences their market performance and that this effect is mediated by political ties built through Guanxi activities. Although the order of entry effect is not evident for EBVs, Guanxi orientation contributes to market performance to a higher degree for late entrant EBVs than for early follower EBVs. The study's findings offer new insights into the implementation of Guanxi orientation in the fast-growing electronic market in China, an emerging country with a culture distinct from that of the West.     

180T双向启闭机预制梁吊装方案

在水利水电工程中,180t级重的预制梁吊装极为少见,本文概述了松花江大顶子山航电枢纽工程预制梁的吊装方案,为今后重量级预制梁的吊装提供一些参考。     

软包装材料透气性检测现状分析

本文介绍了产品软包装材料的气体阻隔性能对产品保护,产品流通和销售等的重要影响。同时对国内外对软包装材料特别是塑料薄膜的透气性能的研究现状进行分析。通过对薄膜的透气机理分析提出了一种利用电磁波对塑料薄膜透气性能检测的设想。     

钻井液用处理剂标准应用现状分析

钻井液用处理剂标准很多 ,大多数标准制定比较规范 ,能够较好地满足市场的需求 ,但使用中也发现部分标准存在一定的问题 ,现就经常遇到的部分较典型的问题提出与大家共同探讨 ,有不当之处敬请批评指正 :ＳＹ 54 90 - 93钻井液试验用钠膨润土中存在的问题　　该标准“钙、镁盐总量 ,ｍｇ/ｋｇ≤ 0 .1”一项指标的单位是错误的 ,应将ｍｇ/ｋｇ改为ｍｏｌ/ｋｇ。原因分析 :标准中计算公式 :钙、镁盐总量 =ｃｖ1ｍ × ｖ0ｖ式中 :Ｃ———ＥＤＴＡ标准溶液的摩尔浓度 ;ｍｏｌ/Ｌ =ｍｍｏｌ/ｍＬ　　Ｖ1———ＥＤＴＡ标准溶液的滴定用量 ,ｍＬ　…     

Selection of standards for digital television: The battle for Latin America

This paper analyses the implementation of Terrestrial Digital Technology (TDT) standards in Latin America. The analysis suggests that while some governments have chosen the standard attending to their industrial objectives, others have been influenced by the relevance of network externalities and scale economies and by the political and commercial relationship with their neighbours. The discussion about the technical characteristics of the systems was only relevant in the first years of the process, when the leading countries of the region had still not made their selection. Brazil decided to create its own version of the Japanese ISDB standard in 2006, and in the following years it has persuaded a significant part of the continent to choose it. Another block of countries has adopted the US ATSC standard. The most prominent case is that of Mexico, which has a preferential access to the US market. Only three countries have chosen the European DVB standard, the most widely used standard in the world. Colombia has tried to lead its introduction in the continent, but the results so far have been meagre.     

电网企业电力物资采购风险管理

根据电力物资采购风险的形成机理对风险进行分类,识别出主要的风险因素。在风险识别的基础上,评估各风险因素发生的程度、可能性、可控性和可预见性,明确了电网企业风险管理的重点,并制定了电力物资采购风险的总体对策和具体应对方法。     

对修订商品天然气国家标准的认识与建议

我国于1999年8月20日颁布强制性国家标准〈天然气〉（GB 17820-1999）.该标准及其配套的基础标准和分析测试标准全面实施5年以来,在规范销售市场、促进国际贸易、合理利用资源和组织安排生产等方面发挥了巨大作用,且为天然气工业的HSE管理奠定了基础.对该标准在贯彻实施过程中存在的一些问题进行了探讨,并就此问题提出若干认识与建议.认为,〈天然气〉国家标准应作必要的修订,以适应当前天然气工业迅速发展的需要.     

一种适合我国国情的发电侧电力市场实现方法

作者提出了一种适合我国国情的发电侧电力市场的实现方法。这一方法能够化解新老电厂电价不一、网厂不分及供需不直接见面等构筑电力市场的障碍,是一种既承认历史,又立足当前,还能兼顾未来发展的电力市场实现方法。     

《钻井液用磺化褐煤》标准浅析

SY/T 5 0 92 - 93《钻井液用磺化褐煤》规定了油田用钻井液处理剂磺化褐煤的产品检测方法。我们在检测其中一项指标 :水溶性干基腐殖酸时 ,遇到一些问题 ,并针对此问题进行了分析 ,对检测方法进行了修改。现提出来供交流讨论和标准修订时参考。简　介( 1)磺化褐煤 :褐煤是煤的一种 ,将褐煤进行磺化处理 ,即可得到磺化褐煤。磺化褐煤中的腐殖酸是其重要的组成部分。腐殖酸是分子大小不同 ,结构组成互不一致的多种化合物的混合物。从官能团和结构分析证明 :它们是含芳香环和烯键的多官能团链状高分子化合物 ,这些官能团有羧基、醇羟基、酚羟…     

国外石油海运发展及其对我国的启示

从国际石油海运发展趋势看,主要石油进口国大都拥有规模庞大的船队,本国油轮承运比例较高;跨国石油公司纷纷削减自有船队,更多地向依靠油轮公司运输转变;资源国石油公司主要以自有船控制运力,且控制比例较高;石油贸易公司基本无自有油轮,主要通过期租船和航租船满足运输;独立船东不断扩张,在油轮总运力中占据主导地位;国际社会越来越重视油轮的安全问题,对油轮的安全环保监管越来越严.我国作为主要石油进口国应该进一步加大运力控制,提高"国油国运"比例.为此建议,鼓励国有石油公司与国有海运企业强强联手;在快速发展运力坝模的同时,努力提高国内海运企业的运营管理水平,降低运营成本;加强油污事故预防和处置的研究,加快应急反应机制的建立和相关法规制度的完善,以降低安全环保风险,提高海运业国际竞争力.     

Design principles for the development of measurement systems for research and development processes

Based on a comprehensive literature review and the activities of numerous case study companies, it is argued in this paper that performance measurement in R&D is a fundamental aspect to quality in R&D and to overall business performance. However, it is apparent from the case companies that many companies still struggle with the issue of R&D performance measurement. Excuses for not measuring are easily found, but there are also empirical examples and literature available with suggestions how it can be done. In this article this literature is reviewed and placed within the context of general performance control and contingency theory. Furthermore, the main measurement system design parameters are discussed and some basic system requirements are described as well as several design principles that can be useful for those who accept the challenge of establishing a meaningful measurement system.     

寻找批生产中提高工序生产率突破点的方法

零部件生产质量与进度之间的矛盾是当前航天企业批生产任务中亟待解决的问题。如何在现有工序生产能力下科学、合理地缩短工序生产周期，减轻因为进度而造成人员和设备的双重疲惫给质量埋下的隐患，从而缓锯批生产质量与批生产进度的矛盾：因而提高批生产的工序生产率就成为批生产工艺工作中的首要任务。     

The Nature of Technology for Design

This paper reviews ideas from design and technology and science education and discusses knowledge, values and skills as aspects of technology in order to demonstrate that technology for design cannot be simply associated with a knowledge component of technology. The paper highlights the linguistic challenges in expressing issues in this area and the philosophical difficulty that the nature of cognitive modelling means that some aspects may be impossible to express using language. Values and a designerly way of knowing and the nature of technological skills are discussed in order to establish their relationship to technology for design. Prior studies concerning technology and designing have focused on engineering and science-based design areas. A research agenda in relation to the proposed broader interpretation of technology for design is discussed, which demonstrates that such research must ultimately be interdisciplinary. Nevertheless, initial steps which could be taken by design researchers are suggested.     

Estimation of Depreciation for Single-Family Appraisals

Methods for the estimation of depreciation within the cost approach to appraisal of single-family residential property have been the focus of very few empirical studies. The purpose of this study is to generate empirical evidence related to one such method, specifically the age-life method. Within the context of a hedonic price model, functional form of the model and the design of the age variable are chosen so that we can test for alternative paths of depreciation with just one model. The alternative paths can be concave, convex or straight-line. Contrary to the evidence presented in several previous studies, the empirical evidence presented in this paper supports a path of depreciation for single-family houses that is concave (i.e., initially less rapid than straight-line). Of the standard paths of depreciation often suggested, the reverse sum of the years digits path most closely approximates the path indicated as appropriate by this study, particularly in the early years of the life of a house. If appraisers are looking for an approximation of the path of depreciation for single-family residences, it would appear that the reverse sum of the years digits path is much more appropriate than the straight-line path that is often assumed.     

2003年世界和中国石化工业综述及展望

2003年,全球石油化学工业开始复苏,石油公司利润大幅上升,化工公司毛利总水平仍在低位徘徊;世界乙烯净增能力创20年来的最低,中东成为乙烯产能增长最多的地区;亚洲地区石化产品需求持续增长,石化行业投资再度活跃;石化制造业出现由发达国家向发展中国家转移的倾向,中国和中东地区成为国际资本投资的热点;石化公司兼并重组以结构性调整为主,欧洲收购交易活跃。2003年,我国石化产品需求量继续攀升,主要石化产品产量再创记录,主要石化产品进口量继续大幅度增加;国家对石化产品进一步实施关税减让政策,同时,加强了市场监管力度：石化行业外商投资加快,民营石油石化企业异军突起。展望2004年．全球石化业将由复苏转为走强,装置开工率稳步提高,有更多的项目开工建设。中国高速增长的经济将是石化工业继续向上发展的主要动因。初步预测,2005年和2010年,我国乙烯需求量将分别达到1500万吨和2000万吨以上,乙烯生产能力将分别达到900万吨和1400万吨。