我国权证及标的证券日内交易模式研究——以五粮液为例

本文对五粮液正股(000858)及权证日内交易模式进行了实证研究,结果表明五粮液正股的波动率(L型)和交易量(U型)日内模式不同,认购权证均呈L型模式,认沽权证均呈U型模式;对正股和权证日内波动率进行的GRANGER检验表明,正股波动率是导致认购权证日内波动率形成的原因,但不是导致认沽权证的原因。文中对我国市场呈现这种日内交易模式的原因进行了初步探讨,认为主要是由于中国股票市场和权证市场所执行交易制度的不同和较高的交易成本。     

权证净需求对隐含波动率的影响

权证市场价格严重偏离理论价值,其隐含波动率远远大于基础股票的历史波动率。文章从供给和需求视角探索隐含波动率偏大的原因。实证结果发现：统计上,净需求对权证隐含波动率有显著的正影响：权证净需求对认股权证隐含波动率变化的影响强于对认沽权证的;认沽权证与基础资产的相关性弱于认股权证。本研究结果有助于市场监管者建立更完善的权证供给制度;有助于投资者根据隐舍波动率与历史波动率偏差建立套利策略。     

噪声交易与我国权证产品价格的异常波动

权证作为我国证券市场上较为重要的一类金融衍生产品,其交易情况和定价问题一直备受关注。根据传统金融学的观点,套利在实现市场有效性方面发挥着关键作用。也就是说即使存在非理性的投资者,使权证产品的价格偏离基本价值,但是他们会遇到理性的套利者,后者会消除前者对价格的影响,使金融产品的价格回归到基本价值。然而,通过对我国47只权证产品在2005-2007年间的价格波动情况的分析,我们发现我国权证产品的价格呈现出了过高的溢价水平、交易价格与理论价格偏离较大、理应衰减的时间价值不衰减以及权证与正股关联性弱等较为明显的异常波动特征。为此,本文从行为金融学的角度出发,分析了噪音交易如何影响权证产品的价格,进而在有限套利的理论框架下,探讨了在空头缺失的市场中权证产品价格异常波动的形成机理。     

中国权证定价方法的研究:基于经典B-S模型及GARCH修正模型比较的分析框架

本文采用B-S定价模型,计算了中国证券市场股权分置改革期间发行的宝钢认购权证和长电认购权证的价格。在经典的B-S模型基础上,本文做了一系列定价修正模型的经验分析,从随机波动率的角度对公式进行了相应的调整,运用GARCH定价修正模型,力求找出适应中国权证市场的B-S模型定价方法。     

备兑权证定价方法的务实改进与实现

为使备兑权证的定价更加贴近现实,文章以t分布代替原假设标的股票收益率服从的正态分布,以随机波动率代替历史波动率,通过GARCH模型来消除金融时间序列的异方差性,并考虑交易费用、红利等因素对权证价格的影响,在此优化了传统的定价模型。然后用Monte Carlo模拟的定价思路,并利用对偶方差减少技术提高其效率,最后编辑程序在Eviews中成功运行得出权证的定价.     

股票指数波动对认购权证价格影响的实证研究

在中国证券市场中，权证的实际价格和理论价格存在着比较大的差异，本文对A股权证市场上的认购权证的价格和上证综合指数的关系进行了实证研究，结果表明，认购权证的价格不仅受到正股价格波动的影响，而且也受到上证综合指数的波动影响。     

权证市场渐行渐远

<正>后金融危机时代的2009年,中国A股走出了一波波澜壮阔、升幅可观的强劲反弹走势,而向来具有高杠杆率、高波动率的权证升幅却远远跑输大市,在权证正股平均大涨146.91%的情形下,权证平均涨幅却只有80.79%。     

基于B-S模型的权证定价效率分析

本文通过期权的BS定价模型推导权证的BS定价模型,从权证的定价出发简要分析,尝试讨论得出对权证市场发展的一些相关建议。主要内容是从权证的BS定价模型出发,以长虹CWB1认购权证为例,计算长虹CWB1认购权证的内在理论价值。通过对长虹CWB1的理论价格和实际价格的对比,分析讨论权证定价对国内权证市场发展的启示。     

我国权证上市前后标的股票价格波动的实证研究

在国外的证券市场上,权证发行一般会对正股的波动性产生一致性的影响。我国的权证是在股权分置改革这一特殊背景下发行的股改权证,股权分置改革将权证作为对价的支付方式,与权证本身调节标的股票风险的功能之间存在冲突。创设制度的足额保证金要求限制了权证的供给,可能增加标的股票的价格波动。本文以我国权证上市前后的正股收益率为研究对象,运用GARCH-M模型,检验标的股票的收益率,系统性风险和总风险,即收益率的波动性是否有显著差异。实证结果表明,权证降低标的股票价格波动性的作用并不明显。     

从期权定价分析中国权证的投资价值

在对期权定价的理论基础上，本文结合中国证券市场中的认股权证进行实证分析，认为中国的权证市场投机因素比较大，权证的价格背离了理论价值。     

Bank lending and real estate in Asia: market optimism and asset bubbles

This paper investigates the Asian real estate price run-up and collapse in the 1990s. We identify financial intermediaries’ underpricing of the put option imbedded in non-recourse mortgage loans as a potential cause for the observed price behavior. This underpricing is due to behavioral causes (lender optimism and disaster myopia) and/or rational response of lenders to market incentives (agency conflicts, deposit insurance, or limited liability of bank shareholders). The empirical evidence suggests that underpricing occurred in Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Consequently, these countries experienced a more severe market crash than Hong Kong and Singapore, where underpricing was kept under control by strong government intervention and/or more appropriate incentive mechanisms.     

Does Disclosure Regulation Work? Evidence from International IPO Markets*

This study examines whether IPO disclosure requirements mandated by countries’ securities laws are associated with variation in IPO underpricing in international IPO markets. Our empirical analysis uses a unique sample of 6,025 IPOs from 34 countries over the period from 1995 to 2002. We show for the first time that the stringency of disclosure requirements for IPO prospectuses is negatively associated with the extent of IPO underpricing, after controlling for various country‐ and firm‐level determinants of underpricing. Moreover, we find that the disclosure effect on IPO underpricing is moderated by the extent of a country’s capital market integration. Taken together, our findings are consistent with the view that increased disclosure regulation appears to reduce IPO underpricing and hence the cost of equity, and that institutional factors such as capital market integration play an important role in understanding the economic consequences of disclosure regulation in international IPO markets.     

How regulatory changes affect IPO underpricing in China

This paper examines the underpricing of IPOs in the Chinese A-share market during the period 1992–2006. Since its inception, the Chinese IPO market has transformed from a tightly-controlled system to a more market-oriented system. Reforms include the abolishment of listing quotas and fixed issue price determination; allowing for more market participation in IPO pricing. The regulatory changes of Chinese IPO market, though improving over time, actually are not monotonic. The regulatory framework started from over-restrictive to over-unrestrictive, then fine-tuned with additional restrictions. This study documents the regulatory reforms during the sample period and investigates how these regulatory changes affect IPO underpricing in China. During this period, we find that Chinese IPOs exhibit a huge underpricing. The size of the underpricing, however, decreases over the sample period. This study further finds that the IPO pricing method before the regulatory changes, which was based on a fixed P/E ratio pre-determined by the regulators, contributed significantly to the IPO underpricing in China. After adopting a series of regulatory reforms allowing underwriters discretion in the determination of issue price, this regulatory underpricing component vanishes. This study has policy implications in demonstrating the impacts of regulatory frameworks on IPO underpricing.     

中小企业融资约束对R&D投入的影响分析——基于门限效应模型

在对国内外IPO定价有效性相关理论和文献进行梳理和归纳基础上,确定IPO抑价程度作为衡量新股定价有效性评价标准,并将其设为模型的被解释变量;另外,选取新股IPO中的募集资金净额、首发市盈率、上市市盈率、上市换手率、发行至上市期间市场回报率等作为解释变量。运用多元线性回归方法构建模型,样本数据来自于2005年-2016年A股市场IPO企业。实证检验结果表明,IPO抑价率与募集资金净额、发行市盈率和发行至上市期间市场回报率呈负相关关系,与上市市盈率、上市换手率呈正相关关系,揭示出我国A股市场IPO抑价现象是由一级市场与二级市场综合影响所致的。据此,提出相应的政策建议。     

An empirical examination of IPO underpricing in the Chinese A-share market

Research in the literature shows that initial public offerings (IPOs) of common stocks are systematically priced at a discount to their subsequent initial trading price. The large underpricing magnitude in the Chinese IPO market has attracted much attention. We consider three hypotheses that may explain the IPO underpricing in China. These are the winner's curse hypothesis, the ex ante uncertainty hypothesis and the signaling hypothesis. Among these hypotheses, the winner's curse hypothesis has not been tested in the Chinese market. Using IPO data for online fixed-price offerings from November 1995 to December 1998, our results show that the winner's curse hypothesis is the main reason for the high IPO underpricing in China. The signaling hypothesis is not empirically supported in the Chinese market during the sample period.     

Commodity option pricing efficiency before Black,Scholes, and Merton

It is often thought that the arrival of the Black–Scholes–Merton (BSM) model of option pricing in the early 1970s allowed traders to understand how to price and value options with greater precision. However, our study suggests that interwar commodity options traders may have been able to intuit ‘fair’ value and to adjust their prices to changes in the market environment well before the advent of this innovative model. A scarcity of historical price data has limited empirical tests of option price efficiency well before BSM to studies of stock options in the 1870s and the early twentieth century which revealed contrasting findings. This study deals with option pricing in a different market—commodities—during the interwar period. We conclude that option prices were closer to their BSM theoretical values than prior studies suggest. Institutional differences between interwar commodity options markets and stock options markets in the 1870s and the early twentieth century may partly account for this result. Furthermore, we find that interwar option prices were no more mispriced than in modern times, and were as sensitive to changes in volatility—the key valuation parameter in the BSM model.     

Options,premium contracts,and the EOE

Summary The article examines the development of options trading in Amsterdam from the seventeenth century to the present time. It shows how the market for traditional options, or premium contracts, was restricted by a number of limitations and how a new form of option — the exchange traded option, and a new options market — the European Options Exchange (E.O.E.), were introduced to overcome these limitations. It examines the first two years of operation of the E.O.E., analyzes some of the problems faced by the E.O.E., and looks at the future development of this new market.     

市场分割下中国双重上市公司资产定价效率问题研究

文章对双重上市公司在不同市场首次公开发行定价、上市首日抑价和二级市场交易价格差异三个层次对资产定价效率进行了经验数据分析,结果表明,内资股相对外资股具有发行定价高、首目抑价高的“双高”现象;在定价效率方面,对于“A＋H”公司,A股的发行定价受到发行时H股二级市场价格的显著影响,而与H股的发行价格之间没有显著关系,但“A＋B”公司A股和B股的发行价格之间存在显著的正相关,同时在二级市场上,“A＋H”公司的市场价差波动相对于“A＋B”公司小。这意味着“A＋H”公司的资产定价效率要高于“A＋B”公司,H股的价格较能反映公司的真实估值,对A股的定价具有指导作用。     

Black-Scholes公式中无风险利率常数假设的一种改进

Black-Scholes公式中无风险利率的常数假设与现实不符。本文假设无风险利率在一个区间中变动,讨论求期权价格区间问题。首先将此问题归结为一个随机最优控制问题,然后利用动态规划原理得到期权价格区间上下限满足的模型以及模型解法,并利用最优静态对冲缩小此价格区间,最后以BaiDu股票期权为例给出了模型在期权市场上的应用,提供了一种期权市场上的套利识别方法并与Black-Scholes公式的结果做了比较。     

股票期权、激励机制衍生综述与引申

股票期权回溯是指公司通过观察过去某一时期的股票价格,然后将期权的授予日期倒填至股价较低的某一日期的行为。这一行为为股票期权的获得者提供了尽可能大的获利空间。股票期权回溯是股票期权激励机制衍生出的问题,国外学者从期权回溯的内在动机、产生因素、经济后果、期权回溯调查的市场反应以及期权回溯的有效治理等方面对其进行了研究。