关于商品对人类福利贡献的研究

毫无疑问，商品消费在人类福利的实现过程中发挥着非常重要的作用。但是，商品并不总对我们的福利有贡献，其甚至会使我们的福利受损。因此，随之产生的问题便是：“商品是如何及在什么条件下对我们的福利有贡献？”本文即试图从哲学视角回答这两个问题且形成一些政策建议。福利通常被定义为一个人的利益所在。然而，对什么是一个人的利益所在却有着不同的解释。根据福利的偏好满足观，我们想要的便是对我们有益的；实体价值观意味着一些客观、可确定的价值是对每一个人都有益的；享乐主义则认为愉快是唯一的实体价值。我认为，要为福利做出任何可信的阐释，个人偏好必须在其中发挥重要的作用；特别是只有在我们的终极偏好得以实现时，它才会对福利作出贡献。工具性偏好也许是错误的，它或许会导致人们终极目标的落空。基于对福利的讨论，本文考察了商品和福利之间的联系。我们不太可能对商品有终极性偏好，因此，我们或不会因自己的选择而降低了自身的福祉。在现实生活中，我们却观察到因商品消费而致使福利损失的现象，例如，食用变质食品而得病。可见，我们尤为关心的是一件商品所提供的特质而非直接的商品的本身。当然，即使一件商品包含了被冀望得到的特质，对该商品的消费也不总会提高福利，原因在于我们有可能缺乏使用这些对我们有益的属性的能力。一言以蔽之，我们通过消费而旨在实现的实际上是那些有价值的机能（functionings）。我们的生活恰恰由这些“存在（beings）”和“活动（doings）”组成，其质量也就可以通过机能的质量来判断。机能是我们终极偏好的目标，而商品只是实现终极偏好的工具。这里关于商品对人类福利贡献的解释可成功地用以处理各种可能出现的目标。我们不需进一步论述机能和福利之间的关系：愉快不是我们一生追求的全部，它更应被看作是一种特定的机能。类似地，对于自由、能力等概念，我们都可以有同样的理解。商品从不会直接影响我们的福利。换言之，存在内在价值的商品也会在工具层面有益于我们，因为前者贡献了某些有价值的机能。总之，商品对人类福利的作用并不受制于福利诠释的选择；在福利的实体价值观和偏好满足观框架中，这一逻辑是成立的。为使商品对福利有积极、正面的贡献，消费过程须满足两个条件。首先，商品需具备贡献有价值的机能的特性；其次，消费者将这些特性转换成有价值机能的能力。理解这些条件有助于我们形成提高消费者福利水平的政策。在商品供应充足的情况下，政策的首要目标必须是向消费者提供信息和教育，从而使之能够作出有效的选择。如果人们被剥夺了基本机能（如营养或健康），公共权力部门会经常性地直接向其提供必需的商品。他们必须确保解决这些根本问题的方法是最有效的，而且在商品提供过程中还应兼顾社会和文化结构等背景因素的影响。对商品和福利之间的关系进行详尽的考察可以让我们学到很多东西。消费者理论中消费者对商品信息完全掌握的假设事实上已将选择与福利视为等价，它忽视了消费过程中减少福利的所有问题。当我们允许这些问题发生时，我们才会明白这些错误到底是来自何处。福利的偏好满足的哲学理念及其实际应用都存在着一个关键问题：人们经常想得到的和最终选择的事物往往对他们毫无益处。本文的研究表明，这一问题通常因缺乏信息和能力而起。增进对商品的了解会提高改福利；不过，商品只是消费过程中的一个因素，政府更应关注商品的特定属性及人们应用这些属性的能力。     

开发农村人力资源 全面建设小康社会

开发农村人力资源,提高农民素质,是增加农民收入,全面建设农村小康社会的关键。开发农村人力资源的有效途径,包括加大农村人力资源开发的投资力度;加强民工在职培训,提高其城市就业能力;加大农村劳动力转移投资,破除各种阻碍农村剩余劳动力转移的制度障碍;强化职业技术教育、高等教育为农村服务的功能等。     

The Great Recession and Racial Inequality: Evidence from Measures of Economic Well-Being

Abstract:

The Great Recession had a tremendous impact on low-income Americans, in particular Black and Latino Americans. The losses in terms of employment and earnings are matched only by the losses in terms of real wealth. In many ways, however, these losses are merely a continuation of trends that have been unfolding for more than two decades. We examine the changes in overall economic well-being and inequality, as well as changes in racial economic inequality during and since the Great Recession. We find that the Levy Institute Measure of Economic Well-Being inequality between White and Black households decreased during the Great Recession but since 2010, racial inequality in terms of LIMEW has increased. We find that changes in base income, taxes, and income from non-home wealth during the Great Recession produced declines in overall inequality, while only taxes reduced between-group racial inequality.     

Stagflation as an Institutional Problem

The existence of nonprofit firms has been traditionally explained by two types of theories emphasizing the market failures that these firms address and the individual motivations to found these firms. To date, these theorizing strands have been mainly disconnected from each other. To fill this gap, this paper develops an integrative theoretical understanding of nonprofit organization by demonstrating the way market failures addressed by nonprofit firms are interrelated with the motivations of nonprofit entrepreneurs. Building on the arguments of Thorstein Veblen and the theory of the division of labor, it is argued that nonprofit organization embodies partial collective self-sufficiency necessitated by the limitations of the ability of market exchange to satisfy human needs.     

国土空间生态修复分区研究——以海南岛为例

在梳理总结国土空间生态修复内涵的基础上,以海南岛为例开展了省域尺度国土空间生态修复分区实证研究。结果表明:(1)国土空间生态修复是以维护区域生态安全、恢复提升生态系统服务功能为目标,协同推进山水林田湖草整体保护、系统修复、综合治理的相关活动总和;(2)海南岛局部仍存在生态空间受挤占、生物多样性受威胁、生态系统服务功能下降等生态退化问题,亟须开展国土空间生态修复。建议按照"一核三区"总体布局推进海南岛国土空间生态修复,"一核"即中南部山区热带雨林核心区,"三区"即万泉河流域、南渡江流域、昌化江流域下游三个陆域生态修复区及其关联的近岸海域海岛海岸。     

The Industry Council Plan as an Instrument of Reconstruction

This paper looks at the doctrines of ‘Wicca’, or what might be termed as pagan or white magic by its adherents, in terms of the economics of religion. The primary focus of the paper is the issue of the degree of product differentiation involved from established religion in terms of two things: the concept of God (or deities) and the ideas of sin. The main contribution of the paper is that it presents (for the first time ever, so far as the author is aware) an economic analysis of the doctrine of a ‘rebound’ effect of any attempts to do harm to other people through the practice of magic. Some basic microeconomic concepts suggest that the moral force of this rebound law is a difficult one to sustain except under very unreasonable assumptions.     

The economic valuation of biodiversity as an abstract good

The notion of an economic valuation of biodiversity raises major philosophical and practical challenges, especially due to the fact that biodiversity is an abstract good. Insights from political philosophy and philosophy of language can help to clarify the reliability and scope of the current economic methods that can be used for the purpose of valuing it. The analogy with another abstract good, justice, indeed shows that thinking about abstract goods is a very specific exercise. If they do not take account of this specificity, applications of hedonic and contingent valuation methods can hardly claim to be relevant to value biodiversity. Rawls' theory of justice provides for the conceptual tools to overcome this problem. A reinterpretation, based on the theory of counterfactuals, allows generalizing this account of justice to outline a theory of thinking about abstract goods. This new framework emphasizes the importance of the institutional context in determining the reliability of thinking about abstract goods. It points toward substantial reforms of the methodology of economic valuation. Specifically, it suggests reinterpreting valuation as a dynamic expressive process, where initial steps aim at reinforcing the reliability of later steps through an institutional transformation and stabilization of preferences for abstract goods.     

内蒙古境内长城探源

中国长城是世界上规模最大的文化遗产,其建造时间之长、分布地域之广、影响力之大,是其他文物不可比拟的。在全国15个有长城分布的省、自治区、直辖市中,内蒙古的长城具有长度最长、时代最多两大特点。目前存留的遗址对研究当时的社会文化发展具有重要作用,需要全社会的关注和保护。     

人大制造看自然改造与科技共性

从广义制造业的角度探讨了人类在用科技探索自然的过程中所面临的创新、体制、跨学科、人文艺术、人才培养等一些共性问题。     

顾客体验、品牌认同与品牌忠诚的关系研究——以苹果手机的青年顾客体验为例

将苹果手机的青年顾客体验分为产品体验、服务体验、情感体验和社会体验四个维度,并在此基础上构建苹果手机青年顾客体验的各维度与品牌认同、品牌忠诚的关系模型。结果表明,苹果手机的青年顾客体验的各个维度对其品牌认同的影响是显著的,而青年顾客的品牌认同在其顾客体验与品牌忠诚的关系中发挥着中介作用,这为相关企业的营销活动提供了启示。     

企业发生论的系统解释

无论从哪一个角度来解释企业的起源和性质,都难免以偏概全,有失偏颇。有鉴于此,笔试图综合国内外相关研究成果,从系统的角度给出企业发生论的解释。本力求将市场需求、化理念、技术创新、制度创新、组织创新、生产分工等六个方面作为切入点,对企业发生论的各种观点进行系统的整合,以使读能够对此问题有一个全面的了解。     

王安石抑兼并思想之我见

抑兼并是中国经济思想史上的一个重要概念.王安石变法的各项措施,都具有打击兼并的明显意图.王安石变法之所以最终被废除,与其抑兼并思想的价值观和方法论密切相关.从传统政治伦理出发,凭借一己的道德勇气和行政权力,王安石希望在短时期内根本改变国家的经济状况,结果事与愿违.这表明:国家干预可以解决暂时的经济失衡和财政需求,但由于这种干预阻碍了民间经济的自然生存和发展,要真正达到因天下之力以生天下之财,取天下之财以供天下之费的目标是不可能的.     

On the evolutionary edge of migration as an assortative mating device

In a haystack-type representation of a heterogeneous population that is evolving according to a payoff structure of a prisoner’s dilemma game, migration is modeled as a process of ‘swapping’ individuals between heterogeneous groups of constant size after a random allocation fills the haystacks, but prior to mating. Migration is characterized by two parameters: an exogenous participation-in-migration cost (of search, coordination, movement, and arrangement-making) which measures the migration effort, and an exogenous technology—of coordinating and facilitating movement between populated haystacks and the colonization of currently unpopulated haystacks—which measures the migration intensity. Starting from an initially heterogeneous population that consists of both cooperators and defectors, a scenario is postulated under which ‘programmed’ migration can act as a mechanism that brings about a long-run survival of cooperation.

试论大学生社会责任感淡化的成因及其强化

21世纪的人才,不仅要掌握知识,更重要的是要有完善的人格,要关心环境、关心社会、关心他人,具有对环境对社会的责任感。然而,本应肩负历史重任的部分大学生的社会责任感却明显淡化甚至缺失。大学应该加强对大学生社会责任感的教育,这既是健全人格教育的内容,也是现代公民教育的核心。     

正确认识利益相关论者的企业产权和社会责任观

"利益相关者"理论描述了企业同其他社会主体的联系,却没有看清各种不同关系的实质,以它作为诉求企业所有权的根据,混淆了不同的产权主体和产权客体,颠倒了所有权与契约关系的地位和作用,分不清不同经济关系的处理原则,在产权理论上产生一系列错误.另一方面,它指出企业不可能离开社会的支持,必须处理好同其他社会主体,特别是企业职工的关系,为改善企业的经营管理,树立企业的社会责任感,构建正常的市场关系,作出有益的启示.但是,社会主义公有制内部的利益关系已经大大超越了在资本主义土壤产生的"利益相关者"理论所涉及的内容.只有它才是构建社会主义和谐社会的可靠基础.以社会主义关系及其形成的思维去论证"利益相关者"理论,或者以这种理论去解释和处理社会主义公有制的内部关系,都是不可取的.     

Measuring Women's Quality of Life: A Discussion of Alternative Approaches

This paper reports our experiences with the application of a number of alternative approaches to a study of women's economic circumstances and quality of life in a typical western city. The important work of, especially, Martha Nussbaum on the capabilities approach to evaluations of “quality of life” has highlighted pitfalls associated with the use of a narrow informational base in studies of women's lives and has emphasized the value of qualitative methods in these evaluations. However, to date, most discussions of the relevance of plural approaches to studies of women's lives have been conducted in the context of developing countries. This paper contributes a practical, current example of the relevance of such approaches to assessments of the lives of women in western countries as well. The research findings reported in the paper also cast further light on the importance of several, related themes in the literature on the capabilities approach, namely the importance of understanding how women's aspirations and expectations change with their economic and social experiences; and the importance of appreciating the social uses of language and how this affects the way in which women describe their lives.     

二海构建国际金融中心的发展战略研究

上海国际金融中心建设是国家战略的重要组成部分;金融是现代经济的灵魂和核心,金融中心是当代国际竞争的战略高地,上海建设国际金融中心是国家战略与自身优势合理组合的体现;上海的国际金融中心建设和国际航运中心建设缺一不可,相辅相成;最后本文结合上海的现状对上海建设国际金融中心提出了五种发展战略。