Employment Risk and Optimal Trade Policies

This paper considers trade policies and welfare in a Harris–Todaro model with risk-averse workers. Workers are assumed to have identical and homothetic preferences, but their incomes differ, depending on whether and where they are employed. When workers are equally valued, maximizing social utility is equivalent to maximizing the utility of a rural worker. An optimal policy consists of a production subsidy on the exportable and an import tariff. This model explains the widespread use of import tariffs on manufactured goods along with production subsidies on the export sectors in many LDCs.
JEL Classification Numbers: F13, D8.     

就业弹性、自然失业和宏观经济政策--为什么经济增长没有带来显性就业?

尽管通常的计算低估了中国的就业弹性 ,但调整后的弹性数值仍属偏低。为什么经济的增长没有带来相应的就业增长呢 ?首先 ,反周期的宏观经济政策对解决自然失业是无能为力的 ;其次 ,在反周期的宏观经济政策所能调节的周期性失业方面 ,由于宏观经济政策所引导的投资方向往往是就业密集度较低的行业 ,进而导致反周期措施拉动就业的能力大为降低。因此 ,完善劳动力市场机制、加强职业培训体系建设、推动高就业产业发展 ,应成为经济政策的重点。     

Family Policies and Female Employment in Japan

This paper discusses how childcare and parental leave policies affect female employment by reviewing the international evidence and recent papers on Japan. These papers estimate causal effects of policies by exploiting policy changes, which is a more credible identification strategy than those applied in earlier observational studies. The literature on parental leave finds that a more generous leave package tends to delay mothers’ return to work, but it does not have detrimental effects on maternal labour supply in the medium to long run. Some papers also find that provision of job protection for around 1 year can increase maternal employment, but longer job protection has little additional effects. The literature on childcare policies finds that maternal employment does not necessarily increase, because the expansion of childcare may crowd out informal childcare arrangements, such as care provided by grandparents. Findings by recent papers on Japan are largely consistent with the international evidence.     

《就业促进法》中平等就业权司法救济条款的缺陷与完善

狭义的平等就业权是指公民不受歧视地获得劳动机会的权利.平等就业权从本质上说属于私权利,因而应该具有权利救济程序.<就业促进法>实现了平等就业权由虚置的宪法权利向具体权利的转变.但<劳动法>以及现行行政诉讼和民事诉讼制度与该原则不匹配,形成对该救济权的限制.因此应该通过扩大劳动法和行政诉讼法的适用范围,同时改革我国传统诉权理论,确立利益主义诉权原则,建立公益诉讼制度,以实现对平等就业权的司法救济.     

新形势下我国就业税收政策探讨

近年来,我国实施促进扩大就业、再就业税收政策发挥了积极作用,但就业税收优惠政策也存在整体缺乏系统性、范围局限性、时限短期性、管理复杂性等问题.为此,本文建议按照市场经济要求,构建促进就业的长效税收政策机制,完善当前就业税收优惠政策,简化管理程序,建立相关部门联动机制.     

Optimal Urban Employment Policies: Notes on Calvo and Quibria

We show that Quibria's insightful observation on the efficacy of urban policy in a model with an urban trade union and an urban informal sector holds, but with a revenue-neutral employment tax-subsidy combination levied on the urban employer. We also draw the relevance of the generalized Harris–Todaro model in providing intuition for the validity of this surprising result.     

我国应实行就业增长的工业化政策

我国以往的工业化实际是“以产出增长为中心” ,它在推动经济高速增长的同时 ,也造成就业增幅长期下降。进入全面建设小康社会的新的历史阶段 ,我国的工业化应从“以产出增长为中心”转向“以就业增长为中心” ,这既是工业化的本质要求 ,也是充分发挥我国劳动力资源丰富的优势 ,解决失业问题 ,提高人民生活的政策选择     

Maybe Baby: Comparing Partnered Women's Employment and Child Policies in the EU-15

Abstract

This paper examines how child-related public policies influence women's employment in Europe. The analysis compares the difference in employment status between partnered mothers and nonmothers across the EU-15 using a wide range of self-constructed indicators of child policies such as childcare provision, parental leave, and tax-cash benefits. Using the recycled predictions method, it is possible to isolate the impact of the presence of a child from other characteristics likely to influence women's labor-market outcomes. Country-specific employment gaps among women are computed at different ages for the youngest child, for different outcomes (inactivity and part-time or full-time work), and for different levels of education. The main conclusion is that when it comes to securing equal labor-market access and conditions for mothers of young children and non-mothers, public childcare provision has the strongest impact. In the absence of public childcare, not even the most highly educated mothers can cope.     

农民工进城就业歧视政策的外部性分析

某些城市政府人为设置了农民工进城就业的歧视性制度障碍,主要目的是为了缓解本地下岗职工的就业压力。但这种以行政权力为基础的强制性资源配置方式在实施过程中往往是低效率的。本文从经济学的角度对各种政策在不同情况下的实施效果进行了分析,并得出结论:限制农民工进城就业的资源配置方式,在对降低城市下岗失业率无实质性帮助的同时,也不利于劳动力市场的发育,在经济上是低效率的。     

The Employment Potential of Site Remediation Policies: A Micro-Economic Simulation

This paper deals with the impact on employment of a particular environmental protection policy: contaminated site remediation. We provide quantitative results on the employment level and also on qualifications in the case of France, by making different assumptions regarding the number of sites to be cleaned up and the decontamination level. We use a composite methodology: the engineering estimation method to obtain costs and direct jobs and a reversed input-output matrix to assess indirect employment, i.e., jobs incurred by the production of inputs. Given the high diversity of contaminated sites, we have selected two case studies, the first gathering gasworks and coke ovens and the other dealing with petrol filling stations. As regards the level of decontamination for each site, labour intensity follows a 'bell curve' with the highest labour intensity for intermediate levels of decontamination. By contrast, an increase in the number of sites to be treated has an important positive net effect on employment. Hence, a programme of site remediation of a large number of sites, preferably with an intermediate level of decontamination, would lead to a significant increase in employment, even when we take into account the jobs destroyed elsewhere in the economy by the funding of the clean-up.     

财政转移支付:支持农民工就业的政策研究

农民工是我国改革30年以来经济社会发展转型时期形成的一个特殊范畴,农民工亦工亦农、亦城亦乡,逐步向非农产业和城市转移。改革期间,工业发展对农民工的需求与农村转移劳动力的需求相契合,然而,城乡劳动力供求始终存在严重的总量矛盾和结构矛盾。在推进工业发展的过程中,政府如何通过转移支付等方式为农村转移劳动力提供职业教育和技能培训、构建解决农民工产业化生存的支持体系,值得深入探讨。     

基于DEA方法的大学生公共就业服务政策有效性分析

本文运用数据包络分析(DEA)方法,建立了C2R模型及相应投影模型和评价指标体系,对1999—2006年中国实行的大学生公共就业服务政策的有效性进行了实证分析。分析结果表明,2003年以后,大学生公共就业服务政策在解决大学生就业问题上存在效率损失,其中高校师资、公共就业服务机构的数量及对大学毕业生创业的财政补贴等指标对大学生公共就业服务政策有效性的影响较大,同时存在改进的空间。     

国际金融危机背景下我国促进就业增长政策效应影响因素的实证分析

在2008年的次贷危机背景下,我国采取了一系列政策促进就业与经济增长,并取得了显著的效果。为了探寻政策实施效应影响因素及相互关系,在问卷调查的基础上,运用主成分分析提取了8个主要因素,并把8个因素分为政策因素与经济因素两个方面,运用典型相关分析方法分析二者之间的关系,提出了提高政府决策效率等相应政策建议。     

市场均衡就业区间及其对社会就业的影响

从分析微观调节成本入手,证明由于存在这种特殊的经济运行费用,因而传统分析中宏观层面上市场就业均衡点的两侧分别存在着“低位临界点”与“高位临界点”,这两点界定了一个“市场均衡就业区间”,社会就业一旦进入该区间,市场机制便不能可再对其作出调节。市场均衡就业区间的主要特点在于,其均衡是一种特殊的就业失衡,市场机制对之无能力力,一般的宏观经济政策亦无法对其发生作用。市场均衡就业区间的存在对社会就业有站多方面的重要影响。它使社会就业对供求总量波动的反应呈现出一定“粘性”,使市场机制对社会就业的调节空间减小;使政府调控社会就业的重点二元化;使个体经济在缓解就业失衡压力,扩大社会就业方面占有了特殊重要的地位。     

弱势就业群体的就业与再就业问题探讨

在我国社会转型、体制转轨的背景下，由于社会保障制度的建立与改革滞后，弱势就业群体的范围和数量不断扩大，他们与其他群体之间的差距加大，其社会心理动荡强烈，日益被边缘化。因此，研究弱势就业群体的就业与再就业问题具有十分重要的现实意义。