Differences in Work Hours and Hours Preferences by Race in the U.S.

Significant differences exist in actual and preferred work hours by race. Specifically, black males work 20 percent fewer annual hours than white males. The differences between black and white women are small. Black workers are significantly more likely than white workers to prefer additional work and fewer are satisfied with their current hours of work. I use the hours-inequality hypothesis of Bell and Freeman (1995,1997) to evaluate the extent to which race differences in work hours and hours preferences are related to race differences in incentives. I demonstrate that whereas white workers work longer hours in response to overall wage variation in their relevant labor market cell, black workers react to the wage variation among black workers but not to the variation overall. The fact that labor market incentives are different for otherwise similar black and white workers is difficult to reconcile with standard competitive theory.     

Hours worked in selected OECD countries: an empirical assessment

In this paper, we empirically assess the evolution of the aggregate hours worked, with a particular emphasis on their age structure, in a sample of OECD countries, along the period 1970–2007. We show that the age composition of the workforce has a large and statistically significant effect on hours worked volatility. To exploit the multilevel structure of our data, we use a Mixed Linear Model to investigate the consequences of (i) demographic change, (ii) sector-specific, and (iii) country-specific factors on hours worked by ‘young’ (aged 15–29) and ‘prime-aged’ (29+) individuals. We show that changes in workforce demographics, captured by the ratio between population older than 29 and population younger than 29, are strongly and significantly correlated with the amount of hours worked by ‘young’ individuals. We also document the impact of sectoral capital intensity and profitability on the dynamics of (aggregate) hours worked. Finally, we show that productive public expenditure, here proxied by the public investment in ICT, is beneficial for the hours worked both by young and prime-aged individuals.     

新疆能源消费与可持续发展战略分析

本文在对新疆能源消费、总人口与经济总值的关系,能源消费弹性系数变化,能源消费构成变化,能源消耗率变化进行实证分析的基础上,讨论了新疆能源消费存在的问题;并从可持续发展的增长模式、提高能源使用效率、发展能源加工业、能源工业发展战略等方面提出了新疆能源消费可持续发展战略.     

能源可持续发展能力评价——以黑龙江省为例

构建了能源可持续发展能力评价指标体系,运用层次分析法并结合专家打分确定指标权重。利用2002—2008年黑龙江省的相关数据计算评价指标分值,进而得出黑龙江省能源可持续发展度评价值,并从能源资源开发利用、社会发展、经济发展和环境保护这4个层面探究了黑龙江省能源可持续发展态势的形成原因。     

Work Hours and CO2 Emissions: Evidence from U.S. Households

The degrowth movement proposes worktime reduction policies to help high-income countries meet their climate goals while supporting full employment. However, the work hours elasticity of carbon emissions remains uncertain despite a growing number of empirical analyses. This paper estimates the impact of work hours on emissions using household data from the United States. We calculate the carbon intensity of goods using input-output tables from the Bureau of Economic Analysis, which we combine with spending data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics to estimate carbon footprints for a representative sample of U.S. households. There is strong evidence that households with longer work hours emit more CO₂, but our household-level estimate of the work hours elasticity of carbon emissions is lower than most country-level estimates. Our results suggest that differences in work hours account for a small fraction of differences in per capita carbon footprints across high-income countries.

Highlights

• Households with longer work hours have significantly larger carbon footprints.

• Our estimated household-level work hours elasticity is smaller than most country-level estimates.

• Work hour reduction policies likely generate modest reductions in carbon emissions.

     

可持续旅游消费理论创新研究

本文对可持续旅游消费基础理论进行了初步探索，以“三元需要理论”为旅游消费理论创新的逻辑起点．提出了包括物质消费、精神消费、生态消费的“可持续旅游消费三元结构”的初步框架．对可持续旅游消费的涵义、特征进行了深入分析．并阐述了可持续旅游消费的理论意义和现实价值。     

从消费的本质看可持续消费

消费本来是人类自我完善、自我成就的过程,但一个世纪以来的人类消费是建立在对自然、环境、资源的无偿掠夺的基础上的,结果使人类进入了自己为自己制造的陷阱之中。分析消费的本来涵义和产业社会消费的弊端,可持续消费将是人类的必由之路。     

对促进可持续消费的思考

随着人们在可持续发展理论上的完善和实践中经验的积累,人们重新审视过去的手段,认为单一的依靠绿化和控制污染源的手段已不能解决问题,我们需要建立可持续消费的理念,这是实现可持续发展的重要途径。本文在阐述可持续消费概念和内涵的基础上对影响可持续消费的有利因素和不利因素进行了分析,对促进可持续消费的政策进行了评析。     

企业可持续发展的新内涵解析

作者系统地分析和比较了企业增长、企业发展、企业成长与企业可持续发展的定义和联系,并对已有的企业可持续发展定义进行了总结与评述。在此基础上,对企业可持续发展给出了新定义与内涵解析。     

论企业可持续发展与企业社会责任

企业可持续发展和企业社会责任不是一对不可调和的矛盾,两者不是分离的、对立的,而是相互促进、相互协调的,两者统一于企业和社会的发展过程之中。在将企业可持续发展与企业社会责任结合起来进行探讨和研究,并阐述两者共性的基础上,系统而全面的论述了两者的内在深层次的相互关系,以期为企业更好的履行社会责任、促进可持续发展提供理论参考。     

可持续发展经济学中的价值理论

以社会利益为主要内容的可持续发展经济学,要建立起自己特有的理论体系,就必须建立以社会整体利益为基础的价值理论。从社会利益的角度看,一切能增进人类利益的社会生产与自然活动,都是价值的源泉,因此生态环境和各种自然资源都具有价值,因此价值的分配,应快包括生态环境和自然资源。     

可持续消费态度和行为差异成因探讨

随着宣传和教育的不断深入,消费者对于可持续问题的正向态度和个体实际消费行为存在着巨大的差异。为此,基于消费者的视角探讨政策、消费者效能、信息因素、人际交往因素与营销因素五个方面分析了造成"态度行为"差异的原因。在分析中,指出只有培育可持续消费的文化,通过政策促进企业实施可持续生产提供合适的产品,让消费者感到自己的行为是有效的,由此才能减少"态度行为"差异。     

构建生态补偿机制实现可持续发展

构建生态补偿机制是使环境与经济获得动态平衡,使我国获得可持续发展的重要途径。本文基于可持续发展观对生态补偿机制的作用进行了全面的阐述,并对如何构建生态补偿机制提出了相应的措施。     

Hours Constraints and In‐Work Poverty

We develop a new approach to modelling the impact of personal characteristics on the extent of poverty, using propensity score matching methods. This is used to evaluate the contribution of hours constraints to poverty, as revealed in UK and US datasets. The results reveal a significant difference, consistent with the existence of greater labour market flexibility in the US.     

论科技进步与可持续发展的关联性

从科学技术发展和可持续发展思想演变过程的角度，审视科学技术进步与可持续发展之间的关系，提出科技持续发展与可持续发展的和谐发展思想。     

论可持续经济发展的客观依据与深层逻辑

本文认为 ２１ 世纪现代经济可持续发展的最深刻的原因, 是现代科技革命的生态化与信息化所引起的现代经济发展, 从而提出了生态时代的现代经济是以生态经济为基础、知识经济为主导的可持续发展经济, 这是 ２１ 世纪现代经济发展的总趋势。     

经济危机与可持续发展——第十二届全国政治经济学研讨会学术观点综述

第十二届全国政治经济学研讨会讨论了＂经济危机与可持续发展＂的问题,主要包括经济危机的成因研究、经济危机的影响研究、经济危机与宏观调控、经济危机的治理思路、应对危机的经验研究和可持续发展等。     

发达国家农业可持续发展模式研究

可持续发展是当前世界各国经济发展的主题,可持续农业作为其中一个重要分支,已在世界范围内逐步发展起来。发达国家的可持续农业起步较早,已取得良好进展,尤以美国、日本、法国、德国、韩国及以色列等国家的绩效最为突出。本文分析了上述六国的农业可持续发展模式及其主要特点,挖掘出发达国家农业可持续发展经验,以期对我国农业可持续发展有所启示。     

最大持续产量原理在可持续发展实践中的应用

文章指出,实施可持续发展要以生态学原理为指导,其中较重要的就是最大持续产量原理。最大持续产量原理在农业、林业、渔业、有害生物防治、生物资源保护等方面有着广泛的应用。     

农业可持续发展与环境保护

本文在论述农业可持续发展产生的背景、内涵、目标基础上, 揭示了协调发展与环境保护政策是农业可持续发展的内在要求, 分析了我国主要的环境问题及其深层次原因, 提出了加强环境保护、实现农业可持续发展的具体对策和建议。