近30年来中国善会善堂组织研究述评

学界恢复对中国善会善堂组织的研究已有30多年，这些年来，相关研究已经取得了长足的进步，但同时也存在着一些不足之处。本文拟对近30年来国内外学者有关中国善会善堂的研究做一综述，总结和概括前人研究的特点，寻找以往研究的缺失与不足，藉此找出进一步研究的方向。     

我国慈善组织能力建设:问题及对策

慈善是具有扶危济困作用的公共管理事业,其已日渐成为当代中国社会保障体系的重要组成部分,并有着广阔的发展空间。总体而言,我国目前慈善组织的能力建设水平偏低,这严重影响着慈善事业的发展。文章自公共管理视角对慈善组织能力要素中存在的各种问题分别进行了探讨,并提出了完善慈善组织能力建设的具体思路。     

Factor Endowments and the Private Provision of Public Goods

The paper examines the consequences of increasing the size of the community in the standard model of the private provision of public goods when costs are variable. In contrast to an economy with fixed costs, the provision of the public good can fall with a larger community, and an increased provision of the public good is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for individual utility to rise. The paper also contributes to the literature on immiserizing growth in that it shows that capital accumulation can possibly result in lower utility for all individuals.     

西部地区禀赋比较优势与制成品产业结构优化

在中国入世和西部开发的背景下,西部地区面临着全面开放和要素禀赋结构不断变化的环境。西部原先的产业结构及计划经济体制下的隐性失业逐渐暴露,并且缺乏经济发展及结构优化所必须的资金。这要求地方政府的相关政策要有很强的务实性。西部地区的制成品产业结构优化应建立在当地客观的要素禀赋结构基础之上,动态比较优势的实现要依赖于禀赋结构的有效升级。因此,民间资金与外资的积极参与在很大程度上有赖于西部市场化进程的加快和禀赋比较优势的充分体现。     

我国农民市民化的经济学思考

从成本和效益出发,从政府和农民偏好、外部性等角度对农民市民化过程中的供需进行分析,得出了供需双向不足、政府偏好主导农民市民化、农民偏好不彻底市民化、外部性没有得到约束或激励等结论,并在总结的基础上提出了相应的对策建议.     

Money,Trust, and Culture: Elements for an Institutional Approach to Money

The development gap between countries in tropical and temperate zones has been attributed to a variety of factors. Using data from the World Values Survey, we find that social norms about thrift, as opposed to sharing, vary with the length of the winter season. We also show that this cultural dimension “thrift versus sharing” and institutional quality both have an independent effect on contemporary economic outcomes. This suggests that the tropical development gap might be the consequence of deep-rooted effects of pre-industrial agro-climatic conditions on both the quality of institutions and social norms about thrift versus sharing that fostered development in the industrial era.     

经济增长与收入差距:一个基于主体的经济模拟途径

本文提供了一个基于主体的转轨经济模型,用于分析经济转轨过程中经济增长和收入差距的动态关联性.模拟实验结果表明:随着经济的持续增长,收入差距经历一个先扩大后缩小的过程;实施适度的累进税政策会在缩小收入差距的同时,促进经济高速增长.     

Decentralization and Economic Development: An Evolutionary Approach

There has been a growing interest in relationship between economic development and fiscal decentralization. Empirical studies, however, are not conclusive regarding their correlation or causality. The present paper aims to provide a theoretical foundation for better understanding of this issue. Developing a dynamic model, we argue that decentralization and development proceed hand in hand, interacting one another, and that the relation between them is not monotonic but evolutionary. We also show that there will exist multiple steady states and that political decision of fiscal decentralization in general fails to lead the economy to the most desirable one.     

我国政府供给偏好决定的一个经济学解释--政治均衡与经济效率

政府供给偏好包括政府供给的规模偏好与结构偏好,它们是社会各方政治影响力相互冲突和竞争的结果。我们通过构建“执政能力函数”,从最简单的消费者集团与纳税人集团政治影响力制衡模型,到多集团、多政府供给项目下的政府供给结构决定模型,再到官僚控制下的政府供给偏好决定模型,逐步阐释了政治均衡决定资源配置的低效率属性,进而说明,相对于市场,政府供给规模和范围边界的收敛趋势会促进社会资源配置效率的改进。在我国当前社会经济转型过程中,政府供给偏好的形成具有更多的动态特征,从提高整个社会资源配置效率和建设和谐社会的目标来看,公共决策的民主化虽然能够在一定程度上缓解政治均衡的低效率,但无法从根本上消除政治均衡决定资源配置的低效率属性,因此我国当前政府职能转型的核心重点不在于公共决策的完全民主化,而在于协调政府供给范围调整与市场经济深化的进程和路径。公平竞争、自发扩展的市场经济秩序是市场“内生型”政府供给偏好形成的基础。     

Aids: An Economic Approach to the Choice of Policies*

This paper presents a novel approach to the difficult problem of society choosing the optimal set of policy instruments to control the spread of AIDS. The economic approach emphasizes the determinants of agents' behaviour and the reciprocal nature of the market failure problem. The nature of the social objective function is discussed and an expected-utility-maximizing model of the behaviour of HIV-infectious agents is developed In the light of the agents' responses to government policies, some general principles relating to the ranking of instruments and their targeting of individual groups and of instrument variables are developed     

Widening the Economic Approach to Hatred

The economics of hate is a barely developed field. There is one paper overtly on the topic by Glaeser and several related papers on racism. war and other important topics. This paper considers the scope for taking the economic analysis of hate beyond the narrow confines of the neoclassical approach by Glaeser and those working in cognate areas.

经济公平与社会公平协调过程中的微观主体伦理道德行为探析

市场经济条件下，经济公平与社会公平是一对难以磨合的矛盾。传统观点认为，在促进经济公平与社会公平协调发展过程中政府必须发挥作用。笔者认为，市场经济中的微观主体(个人和企业)在经济公平与社会公平协调发展中，同样能够发挥作用。微观主体要发挥这样的作用，前提是，一要“君子爱财，取之有道?”；二要有道德责任感。     

Measuring Economic Insecurity Using a Counting Approach. An Application to Three EU Countries

In this paper, we propose the use of a multidimensional approach to the measurement of economic insecurity in three European countries. We combine six different unidimensional indicators proxying the subjective and objective determinants of economic insecurity into a single index based on a counting approach method, which allows us to measure the incidence and the intensity of the phenomenon. Using longitudinal data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) from 2008 to 2016, we find that the incidence of insecurity falls as income grows, being significantly present in middle-income households both in Spain and France but not in Sweden. Interestingly, in all three countries, the contribution of different dimensions to insecurity changes as household income grows, while for all income levels a higher education and being employed in a non-fixed term contract are strongly related to a lower probability of being economically insecure.     

产品责任制度建立的经济学分析——对“三菱帕杰罗事件”的思考

本文旨在讨论群体机会集内由经济发展、收入状况、技术水平及产品特性等因素决定的消费者对产品的质量及价格偏好、产品供求弹性和行业生产者的新技术敏感度对选择产品责任制度中产品缺陷界定标准的影响。论文在对中美两国现行产品责任制度比较分析的基础上 ,借鉴克莱因的市场绩效与质量保证模型 ,建立了产品缺陷界定标准模型 ,论证产品责任制度的产品缺陷标准界定是在机会集约束下 ,群体内各利益集团根据自身剩余最大化原则所做出的选择。     

Introduction to a General Equilibrium Approach to Economic Growth

Endogenous growth theory has had some success in explaining the observed data related to the process of economic growth. However, the results of the models in this literature are typically very sensitive to their micro-economic structure. It is therefore important to understand how the growth process behaves under more general specifications of such features as the number of commodities, the number and preferences of consumers, the factors of production, and the financial and information structures. In other words, valuable insights can be gained by integrating growth theory into the framework of general equilibrium theory. The summary of the papers in this volume, focuses on seven issues that are crucial to this integration and highlights the contributions of the papers to the resolution of these issues. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C61, D50, D90, F43, O30, O41.     

Being and Time: On the Nature and the Evolution of Institutions

The process that drove the early evolution of hominid culture was an arms race that led to selection for 'big brains,' higher consciousness, and language. Culture was a constraining force on this arms race. 'Big brains,' higher consciousness and language paved the way for the evolution of theory of mind and lower rates of time preference, two keys to the development of complex culture. Culture is a shared mental construct, a form of shared social intentionality with a deeply abstract and symbolic nature. Our symbolic ability enabled the development of this public good, which included such mental constructs as promises, obligations, contracts, marriages, property, money, agency, and government. Cultural institutions change the way we think because they both reduce the cost of cognition and become a substitute for cognition by forming a framework for social habits and routines and that allows for specialization in cognition over space and time; in a fundamental and often unrecognized way, they reduce transactions costs. Perception—including social perception—is an ill-posed problem. Culture provides background assumptions and constraints which allow us to solve this problem and thereby reduce transactions costs.     

Heterodox Economic Thinking and Public Policy

Research on innovation and entrepreneurship policy (IEP) is almost exclusively concerned with the instrumental question of which policy measures are most effective in promoting “productive” entrepreneurial activities. The positive (political economy) and normative (welfare) dimensions are largely neglected. I focus on the latter, asking what could be a plausible normative rationale for innovation policy beyond the simple invocation of “growth” and the related use of orthodox criteria (such as “market failure”). This is a non-trivial issue, given (i) the ambiguous welfare implications of innovation in general, and (ii) the fact that standard notions of welfare cannot be consistently applied in an entrepreneurial, “Schumpeterian” economy. I suggest a dynamic criterion according to which IEP should ensure that individuals are able to engage in effective preference learning over time. This reconstruction of the normative basis of innovation policy helps clarify several contentious issues, among which are the desirability of selfemployment and the role of social security arrangements.     

产业转型升级中的民企承继问题--以“富二代”接班议题为例

从经济社会学视角审视产业转型升级研究,其间涉及到社会分层的合理化、企业承继,以及产业组织化等议题。本文以民营企业“富二代”接班为例,借助于诺斯的“共享心智模型’’理念,探求了民营企业财富与运营控制权的代际传承与产业转型升级之间的关联。本文结论的是,企业承继涉及到的不只是产业特征和经营特质等物质财富问题,更关联到心灵财富问题,即基于“国家（政府）一市场一社会”逻辑框架上“心智”的转型升级。