效益是企业的生命

本文从分析质量究竞是不是企业的生命入手,提出进入过剩时代,效益是企业的生命,产品适销对路是企业生存和发展的保障,并对如何使产品适销对路提出了对策性建议。     

The formation of organizations,networks, and markets

“Entrepreneurs” in economic theory are like supermen. Organizers of real world organizations are far less dramatic, playing roles that defy simple unimotivational characterizations. Likewise, “firms” in economic theory are simple black boxes from which come profit maximization assumptions. Real world organizations are much more complex in type, function, and structure. The usual economic distinctions between for-profit businesses, not-for-profit corporations, and government bureaus are often quite inaccurate or misleading. Even the distinction between organizations and markets developed by Ronald Coase ignores an important intermediate category of networks. This paper offers a complete reconceptualization of the role of organizers, organizations, networks, and markets. It is a fundamental challenge to the traditional paradigm of neoclassical economics. The alternative presented here incorporates the basic public choice perspective of Buchanan and Tullock, the new institutionalism of Williamson, and the informational concepts of Hayek. It also introduces the very important notion of correct agency identification for social analysis and what is called “social human capital” within the framework of organizational teams. Organizers, at the most fundamental level, organize new organizations when an organizer or group of organizers perceive a way to pursue their goals and objectives more effectively through the creation of new organizations than through the next best way of pursuing those goals and objectives. It is as simple and complicated as that.     

The spirit of capitalism, social status, money, and accumulation

This paper demonstrates the unambiguous existence of the Tobin portfolio-shift effect in the wealth-is-status and the spirit-of-capitalism models of growth. Namely, higher inflation leads to higher capital stock in the long run, and inflation increases the endogenous-growth rate of the economy.     

The Heath, Jarrow, Morton Model

Equilibrium models of the term structure of interest rates, such as Vasicek (1977) and Cox et al. (1985) , hereafter CIR, determine the equilibrium yield curve by modelling the dynamics of the short-term interest rate, specifying the market price of risk, and solving the resulting partial differential equation for bond prices. Several multi-factor extensions of the Vasicek and CIR framework have been advanced in the recent term structure literature using as additional factors different variables, such as the volatility of interest rates (see, e.g. Longstaff and Schwartz, 1992 ; Dai and Singleton, 2000 ), the slope of the term structure ( Brennan and Schwartz, 1979 ; Schaefer and Schwartz, 1984 ), monetary policy rates ( Bakshi and Chen, 1996 ), and inflation ( Pennacchi, 1991 ; Sun, 1992 ). Since a no-arbitrage condition must hold in equilibrium, this brief article starts from the stated law of motion for bond prices to tersely show how their implied instantaneous forward rates have an evolution under the pricing measure that is fully characterized by the forward rate volatilities. Thus, the outcome of the article is the fundamental equation of the classic model contributed by Heath et al. (1992) , hereafter HJM, which sets off with the study of the forward rates' no-arbitrage dynamics. By doing so, it shows that, despite its different angle and its apparent complex structure, the HJM model is fully consistent and has a clear link with standard equilibrium set-ups like those of the Vasicek and CIR type. This note was written in 1994 .     

The environmental performance of firms: The role of foreign ownership, training, and experience

In this paper we extend the debate on the environmental implications of foreign direct investment in developing countries by examining a new mechanism through which foreign influence can affect the environmental performance of firms. We focus on the extent to which key workers who have had previous training or experience in a foreign owned firm transfer and utilise their knowledge gained to the benefit of the local environment. To this end we use detailed firm-level data on manufacturing firms in Ghana. Our econometric results suggest that the foreign training of a firm's decision maker does reduce fuel use, particularly so in foreign owned firms. Foreign ownership per se does not influence fuel use or total energy use but is found to increase electricity use, perhaps the cleanest form of energy used by Ghanaian firms.     

关税、垄断和偷窃的福利成本

近来,试图对垄断和关税的福利成本进行估算的论文大量发表①.这些论文的结论表明,经济学家们所痛斥的关税和垄断的福利成本实际上微不足道.     

“公平与效率之争”的根源、分歧和总结

公平和效率都有多种含义,这是产生"公平与效率之争"的一个重要根源.在现阶段,公平的内涵主要是经济公平,特别是收入平等;效率的内涵主要是经济效率,特别是经济增长.经济公平与经济效率的关系以及它们的相对重要性,是"公平与效率之争"的核心内容,由此产生了多种观点.这些观点在特定条件下都有合理性,它们之间并不存在绝对的优劣之分.改革开放30年来,我国的经济公平与经济效率组合发生了大幅变动,改善经济公平状况已经成为当前我国经济又好又快发展的内在要求.     

The Problems of Transition, EU Enlargement, and Globalization

This paper examines how far the restructuring process toward a market system has proceeded in Transition Economies since the collapse of Communist regimes more than a decade ago, how ready these economies are for admission into the European Union, and how the globalization of the world economy is affecting them. The paper also presents a model of the restructuring process and of international trade during the restructuring process.     

技术整合的概念、作用与过程管理

技术整合是技术创新活动的一种形式，是企业解决创新问题的一种有效途径，是通过系统集成的方法评估、选择适宜的新技术，并将新技术与企业现有技术有机地融合在一起，从而推出新产品和新工艺的一种创新方法。技术整合的过程管理注重新旧技术的相融。其核心是合作各方的协同管理。     

The Politics of Shutdown: Community,Property, Corporatism

I discuss the theoretical and empirical literature on the quantitative and qualitative employment impact of technological change. I also compare the relative explanatory power of competing economic theories, while detailing the macro, sectoral, and micro evidence on the issue with reference to advanced and developing economies. The main purpose of the paper is to offer a critical meta-analysis of both the theory and recent empirical achievements stemming from the relationship of technology and employment. More specifically, I draw some general conclusions about possible consequences of that relationship.     

爱上行者约翰,爱上威士忌

行走约翰的原型是Johnnie Walker的创始人约翰·沃克尔,Johnnie Walker更乐于把这个形象称为“行走的绅士”。提起苏格兰,你会想到些什么?魁梧男子穿着的格子裙,一碧如洗天空下的悠扬风笛,抑或是被天使悄悄喝掉的威士忌?苏格兰威士忌丰富醇和的口味让世界为之倾倒,而其独特的酿制调     

The Demand for, and Impact of, Learning HIV Status

This paper evaluates an experiment in which individuals in rural Malawi were randomly assigned monetary incentives to learn their HIV results after being tested. Distance to the HIV results centers was also randomly assigned. Without any incentive, 34 percent of the participants learned their HIV results. However, even the smallest incentive doubled that share. Using the randomly assigned incentives and distance from results centers as instruments for the knowledge of HIV status, sexually active HIV-positive individuals who learned their results are three times more likely to purchase condoms two months later than sexually active HIV-positive individuals who did not learn their results; however, HIV-positive individuals who learned their results purchase only two additional condoms than those who did not. There is no significant effect of learning HIV-negative status on the purchase of condoms.     

The Complexities and Potential of Theorizing Gender,Caste, Race,and Class

Most economists have not yet grappled with the demands of intersectional scholarship, which recognizes the intertwined nature of gender, race, class, caste and other influences on the economic situation of individuals and groups. Among economists, feminist economists may have made the most progress and be best positioned to break further ground, though we can do better and much remains to be done. This article synthesizes the case for intersectional work, reviews the state of the economic literature, describes the contributions of the articles in this special issue of Feminist Economics on "gender, color, caste and class," and sketches directions for the future.     

Institutions, education, and development: The role of entrepreneurs

Entrepreneurs are instrumental for structural transformation. They create and organize new firms and hire workers with a minimum level of human capital. Entrepreneurs encourage workers to invest in their own education in order to move into the modern production sector. Better institutions lead to less income diversion, which creates a greater supply of entrepreneurs, a larger demand for human capital, and faster structural transformation. Education policy alone is not as effective, although it, too, raises the number of entrepreneurs. Simulations and evidence from Brazilian states support the theory.     

The Income, Savings, and Monetary Overhang of Soviet Households

The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, it reconstructs data on the income, expenditure, and savings of Soviet households during 1965–1989. Second, it estimates the magnitude of monetary overhang in the Soviet consumer market. The data reconstruction was made using unpublished archival material, i.e., Soviet family budget surveys. The magnitude of monetary overhang was estimated using the long-run solution and the VAR (vector autoregression) of the Soviet household savings function. The estimates suggest that the overhang amounted to 38% of household money balances in 1991 and that a 61% price adjustment would have been necessary to remove the monetary overhang of Soviet households at the time. J. Comp. Econom., December 1999, 27(4), pp. 644–668. University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom.