金融支持农业科技创新存在的问题及对策建议

资金要素是影响农业科技创新能力提高的重要要素。加强金融对农业科技创新的支持是国家的政策要求,也是金融部门的重要职责。金融部门在支持农业科技创新的过程中自身实力也会得到不断提升,实现农业和金融的＂双赢＂。但本文认为当前金融对农业科技创新的支持还存在着许多不容忽视的问题,金融加大对农业科技创新的支持应多管齐下。     

流动性幻觉与高杠杆率之谜

本文研究信用货币体系下流动性不足导致的过度投资和高杠杆率问题。文章将货币引入到消费者与银行互动的三期经济框架中,构建信用货币体系下的偏好冲击与流动性冲击模型,阐明消费者的购买力、经济投资效率和杠杆率都在一定程度上取决于流动性背后的价值支撑,而非仅由流动性的名义数量决定。本文指出,流动性的价值支撑主要体现为央行储备资产和政府财政收入,其水平决定了经济体系内短期消费的支付能力,流动性的价值支撑不足会导致过度投资和高杠杆率。进一步基于中国数据的实证分析验证了理论模型的主要结论。本文研究结果提示,在经济双循环体系下,货币政策与财政政策的协调配合尤为重要,维持央行储备资产规模并保持合理税率水平可以缓解流动性的价值支撑不足和高杠杆率问题。     

The influence of chronic and temporary accessibility on trust and policy support

Abstract

Food is very closely related to our everyday life and consumers are intolerable to food risk. The impact of media report on food risk perception has been addressed but more elaborated approach on consumers’ cognitive process of food risk perception via media is needed. Theoretically guided by accessibility theory, we examined the relationship between consumers’ perception of food risk (i.e. food schema), media use, media frame, trust, and policy support. Furthermore, anger was employed as a mediating variable influencing on trust and policy support. Results found that the level of media use had a significant positive effect on trust and policy support. Among the media frames, the government responsibility frame and corporate responsibility frame were shown to be negative predictors for trust and policy support. As for the food schema, checking schema was the most influential negative factor on trust and policy support. Anger was found to exert a negative effect on trust and policy support but this effect decreased if the level of trust was high. In terms of the relationship between media frames and the food schema on anger, most food schema reduced the strong positive effects of the media frame on anger. This means peoples’ anger induced by media frames can be diminished by individuals’ specific food schema. Both theoretical and practical implications are discussed.     

Mainstream Economic Analysis and the Case for Accommodation

The Federal Reserve has a dual mandate to foster both full employment and price stability. Most often these two goals are in alignment, so policies that support one objective generally support the other. However, at times the two aims can be at odds. When that happens, policies that target one goal may lead to misses on the other one. This article argues that taking a balanced approach between competing choices provides a solution that is in agreement with mainstream monetary policy rules.     

Public initiatives to support entrepreneurs: Credit guarantees versus co-funding

We analyze financial support for the entrepreneurial sector. State support can raise welfare by relaxing financial constraints, but it can also reduce lending standards if entrepreneurs substitute public sources of collateral for their own assets, if it encourages excessive entrepreneurial entry, or if it undermines bank monitoring incentives. We derive a “pecking order” for support schemes: support funds should be channeled first to credit guarantee schemes and then, when entrepreneurs start to substitute public for private collateral, to co-funding entrepreneurial projects. The optimal level of credit guarantee is diminishing in the costs of incentivising bank monitoring. We show in an extension that the long-term effect of public subsidies may be to impair the private sector’s initiative to uncover cost savings.     

ERP提高用户决策效益分析——基于关键使用者的经验证据

引入ERP能否提高以及如何计量用户决策效益一直是学术界和实务界的热门话题。国外研究表明,引入ERP的目的不同,ERP带来的"决策效益"也不一样。基于已有研究成果,设计ERP用户目的与决策效益调查题项,问卷调查中国ERP用户中关键使用者对引入ERP的目的及效益题项的计分,探寻目的题项重要性与决策效益重要性排序及二者之间的相关关系。调查发现,用户引入ERP能够提高决策效益;引入ERP目的与提高决策效益关之间存在正相关。本调查题项表根据国际最新研究成果,融入中国ERP用户的实际,并经实践验证其可操作性,可用作中国ERP用户评价和计量ERP决策效益的标准题项。     

中国农村的变革与农村金融体系的创新

正在行进中的中国农村制度的大改组进程,具有其历史必然性。是否能够把发展机遇转化为农民收益,并公平分摊变革成本,是对农村经济制度变革成效的检验。中国农村的发展,需要综合性的经济金融体制的变革,但对于农村经济金融体制变革的推动力度和进程安排,必须考虑农村经济对制度变革的承受能力,否则会适得其反。农民是农村金融体制变革的受体,也因为其最具备对农村金融体制变革的需求,而应该成为中国农村金融体制变革的核心动力。当然,政府是农村金融制度变迁过程中的不可或缺的重要力量。     

Institutions,moral hazard and expected government support of banks

We model the expected support of banks with credit ratings from Moody's and Fitch, taking explicitly into account the capacity and willingness of governments to provide support in case of need, as well as their concerns about moral hazard (i.e., that the expected support may induce banks to assume bigger risks). Our results suggest that moral hazard concerns are relatively weak. In addition, a substantial part of the expected support can be attributed to the quality of a country's institutions. These findings have important implications for the dynamics of banking crises, the value of the ‘fair’ insurance premium banks might be called upon to pay for the expected support, as well as for ways to reduce the resulting negative externalities.     

“三农”综合保险的可持续性研究--以福建龙岩“三农”综合保险为例

“三农”综合保险的可持续性分为政府支持可持续性、保险经营可持续性、农民投保可持续性和成功经验的可推广性。不可持续的原因主要有：缺乏法律保障,政府支持具有不确定性能;农村税源流失、财政收入增速赶不上保费补贴增速;集中招投标式的市场准入与自由竞争的大方向相背;“三农”风险的重要性相对降低,投保率下降。应通过立法将政府支持固定下来;培育税源,防灾防损,抑制保费补贴的增速;借鉴国际经验,规定在农村地区开业的保险必须经营部分险种;提高农业收入在农民收入来源中的比重,稳定投保率。     

县域资金供给存在的结构性问题及建议——吉林省通化市为例

通化县域金融机构在农村地区的资金吸纳能力与金融供给数量存在不平衡的现象。具体来说,有的金融机构在农村地区吸收存款数量较多,但信贷投放相对较少;有的机构信贷投放力度较大,但资金吸纳能力有限。本文提出通过政策手段调整县域资金供给结构,即让支农力度较大的县域金融机构占有更多的资金,这将有效增加支农资金的供给总量,进而推动通化县域地区＂三农＂经济的快速发展。     

PARTIAL TAKEOVERS AS PUT OPTIONS

For stocks of a listed company subject to a takeover offer, a premium must be paid by the bidder to induce acceptance of the offer. For partial takeovers, this premium can be modelled as a put option. While the takeover is current, temporary support for the stock may materialize, possibly resulting in increased prices. The price of options or warrants over the target stock can be used as a means of estimating the ex-takeover stock price, the takeover premium and any extra support that temporarily may be in the observed market price. This leads to an evaluation of the probable success of the takeover.     

二元经济结构下我国新型农村资本支持体系研究

长期以来,我国在二元经济结构的基础上形成了二元资本结构,农村资本通过各种渠道不合理地流向城市;在市场机制作用下,资本趋利性使资本外流进一步加剧,在农村形成了巨大的资本缺口,致使城乡经济发展失衡.在现有的二元经济结构下,必须构建新型的农村资本支持体系,该体系主要由财政支持体系、价格支持体系、金融支持体系、集体和农户支持体系以及国际资本支持体系等部分有机组成.通过构建农村资本支持体系,最终消除城乡二元资本结构,建立城乡统一的资本支持体系,促进城乡经济的协调发展,实现我国经济的全面小康.     

Bank liquidity regulation and the lender of last resort

Banks can make suboptimal liquidity choices and gamble for lender of last resort (LOLR) support. Endogenous bailout rents are driven by the need to preserve bankers' incentives under uncertain net worth. In equilibrium, banks can herd in risk management, choosing suboptimal liquidity when they expect others to do so. Optimal liquidity can be restored by quantitative requirements, but such regulation is costly. An LOLR policy incorporating bank capital information can reduce distorting rents and allow for a more efficient solution, but may only be possible in transparent economies.     

中国绿色金融政策、融资成本与企业绿色转型——基于央行担保品政策视角

近年来,中国绿色金融政策陆续出台且支持力度不断强化,政策效果受到广泛关注。本文首先将绿色金融政策和绿色转型纳入可持续投资(ESG)资产定价模型,分析绿色金融政策对风险资产均衡收益和企业绿色转型的作用机理。其次基于绿色债券纳入央行合格担保品这一准自然实验,分别从企业融资成本和绿色创新两个角度实证检验绿色转型的政策效果。研究发现:(1)央行担保品类绿色金融政策通过降低绿色债券的信用利差为绿色企业提供融资激励,同时通过提高棕色债券的信用利差给棕色企业的绿色转型带来倒逼促进作用。(2)这一影响在绿色金融改革创新试验区内作用更为显著,但随时间推移逐渐弱化。(3)央行担保品类绿色金融政策通过融资途径显著提升了棕色企业的绿色创新,倒逼棕色企业绿色转型。     

金融资源配置、技术进步与经济高质量发展

随着我国发展阶段及内外部条件的变化,科技创新已成为新时代引领我国经济高质量发展的核心驱动力。本文以金融驱动技术进步的视角,构建内生增长DSGE模型,分析金融资源配置、技术进步和经济增长之间的关系。研究佐证了我国技术创新的逆周期性,并发现金融资源在企业生产性投资与创新投资之间的分配,可以通过改变生产要素投入规模和技术进步率两种途径影响经济增长,且这两种影响之间存在"跷跷板"关系,但后者更具主导性。在此基础上,诠释了金融、技术与经济的动态传导机制:经济扩张期,企业生产规模扩张,金融资源对生产性投资的支持增加,对创新的投入相对减少,技术进步率放缓;经济收缩期,企业缩减生产规模,金融资源对生产性投资的支持减少,对创新的投入相对增加,技术进步率提升。本研究的政策启示为,面对当前发展新矛盾、新挑战,应把握发展新格局、新机遇,进一步深化金融改革,优化金融资源配置机制,鼓励创新投资,充分发挥股权市场对企业研发创新的支持作用,并辅以稳健适度的宏观调控政策,为企业创新提供良性的宏观环境,激活企业创新需求,促进技术进步,推动经济高质量发展。     

Institutional spending policies: implications for future asset values and spending

University endowments, sovereign wealth funds, and foundations support spending. In this paper, we analyze how different spending policies affect future asset values and spending opportunities. We show that the covariance between the asset returns and the spending rate implied by the spending policy is important in this regard. Many of the spending policies used in practice aim at smoothing the spending level by letting current spending be a function of both current asset values and earlier spending levels. One feature of these types of spending policies is that the funds can be depleted. Depleted funds cannot support spending.     

金融监管公共利益理论及其质疑

金融监管公共利益理论认为现代经济不存在纯粹的市场经济,自由竞争的市场机制不能带来资源的最优配置,甚至造成资源的浪费和社会福利损失,因而肯定政府干预的合理性和有效性。既然监管目标是合理的,那么监管实施的结果应让大多数社会成员满意,可是,事实上一些监管实施的结果只让那些受益于监管的人们满意,监管机构面临的任务很难完成甚至不可能完成;市场理论能令人信服地解释社会资源通过个人追求私利的交易活动得到有效配置的机制,而与之相对的金融监管公共利益理论却无法描绘公共利益得以实现的具体途径。     

Joint Audit: Issues and Challenges for Researchers and Policy-Makers

Abstract

The publication of the European Commission Green Paper, ‘Audit Policy: Lessons from the Crisis’ in October 2010, has stirred up a lively debate on the role of joint audits. This literature review identifies and evaluates, for the benefit of future research and regulators, existing evidence about joint audits. We find limited empirical support to suggest that joint audits lead to increased audit quality, but some empirical support to suggest that joint audits lead to additional costs. Overall, this paper indicates that joint audit should be seen as a mechanism that is embedded in a broader institutional context and not be considered in isolation from other factors that might impact the audit market. The results indicate that various country-level characteristics are simultaneously at play. While joint audits can potentially enhance the audit market competition by allowing smaller audit firms to maintain larger market shares, the related impact on audit quality has not yet been clearly demonstrated and thus provides a promising avenue for future research.     

绿色金融、普惠金融与绿色农业发展

绿色金融与普惠金融协同发展可有效推动绿色农业发展,在改善环境、降低碳排放的同时,提高“三农”领域的金融可得性.目前,中国在金融支持绿色农业发展上面临的主要障碍包括:绿色农业的标准尚未统一和规范,金融支持绿色农业的范围不够明确,缺乏针对绿色农业融资主体的信用体系,缺少绿色农业供给端的风险分担机制以及绿色农业消费端尚待进一...     

促进战略性新兴产业发展的风险投资策略研究

市场前景广阔的战略性新兴产业具有“高风险、高投入、高效益”等特点,不仅要求企业具有高水平的科技研发能力,还需要外部环境的支持,特别是需要充分的金融支持。应在政府相关政策和扶持基金的引导下,在良好的法制环境保障下,建立有中国特色的富有效率的风险投资综合支撑体系。只有这样,才能顺利实现风险投资和科技资源的对接,才能充分发挥风险投资在战略性新兴产业发展中的“先锋”作用,从而为培育和发展战略性新兴产业注入新鲜持久的活力。