央行票据再考察:债务置换工具视角

与把央行票据性质定位为中央银行债券的传统角度不同,本文从债务置换工具的视角重新阐释了央行票据的性质。我国的"外汇资产—人民币"发行模式导致了货币的超额发行,央行票据是对中央银行超额发行债务的置换。外汇资产的递增趋势决定了央行票据作为债务置换工具的可持续性。针对央行票据过度膨胀带来的负面影响,文章认为,应该从根源上解决人民币超额发行问题。     

如何投资央行票据

央行票据是债券的一种,全称为中央银行央票(简称央票),是央行为调节商业银行超额准备金,向商业银行发行的短期债务凭证.发行央行票据,意味着央行通过发行央票这种特殊形式的债券,从市场上回笼人民币,减少市场上人民币的总量.央行票据到期,意味着起初回笼的人民币重新投放到市场中,增加了市场上人民币的总量.了解央行票据有助于普通投资者了解国家宏观经济政策的方向,进而调整自己的理财策略.     

央行票据利率自传导机制分析与政策建议

<正>中央银行票据(简称"央行票据"),是中央银行为调节商业银行超额准备金而向商业银行发行的短期债务凭证,其实质是中央银行债券,是央行进行公开市场业务操作的手段之一。任何一种有成本的工具,都需要深入研究它的作用机制,进而计算它的使用成本。那么,央行票据的作用机制到底如何呢?     

论央行货币管理和短期公共债务 管理、票据债务管理之间的协调

由于汇率制度的刚性和人民币升值的压力,中央银行必须通过买进国债或发行中央银行票据冲销货币供给的增加,因此协调央行货币管理和公共债务管理、票据债务管理就是一项重要的任务。本文主要考察怎样协调央行的货币调控和财政部的公共债务管理、央行票据债务之间的关系,以促进宏观调控健康有效地运行。     

中央银行票据的紧缩效应分析

一、问题的提出中央银行票据是在银行间发行的短期债务凭证,它是我国为对冲外汇占款,调节商业银行超额准备金而创新的一种进行公开市场操作的货币政策工具。其作用是直接减少银行体系的流动性,引导市场利率。     

我国央行票据发行有效性的分析

2002年中央银行开始发行央行票据,并将其作为公开市场操作的一个主要工具来对冲外汇占款回收流动性。文章首先重在采用格兰杰检验和协整检验的方法,从实证角度来考察发行央行票据对冲基础货币量的效果、央行票据利率对货币市场利率的影响,并根据分析在了解央行票据局限性的基础上提出相应的政策建议。     

我国央行票据“反对冲”效应研究

随着外汇储备的持续激增,中央银行主要通过发行央行票据来对冲它在外币公开市场操作中所投放的过多的流动性。但是,随着中央银行"滚雪球"般的票据增发操作,巨额的央行票据所要支付的利息却反方向"对冲"了央行票据回收流动性的初衷,使得央行票据回收流动性的效率逐渐降低。本文在央行票据"反对冲"效应的视角下揭示了中央银行的对冲操作仅仅只是推迟了当前的流动性,而非真正对冲了流动性。本文在最后指出随着我国冲销外汇占款压力的降低,改革我国目前单纯依靠央行票据来冲销外汇占款政策的时机已经到来,采取多样化冲销政策组合将会更加合理。     

我国央行票据和存款准备金政策冲销有效性的实证研究

在我国现行的外汇管理体制下,为应对外汇占款导致基础货币供应量的快速增长,同时实现人民币汇率和物价稳定的双重目标,央行采取发行央行票据和提高存款准备金率的方式来对冲外汇占款.本文通过建立VAR模型,对央行票据和提高存款准金率两种货币政策工具的冲销有效性进行了动态考察.研究表明,央行票据在短期内能够平抑物价的上涨,而存款准备金政策短期内效果并不明显,且央行票据的冲销效果明显优于存款准备金政策.     

我国公开市场业务操作工具的选择及其优化

一、现阶段我国公开市场业务操作工具发展状况自从中国人民银行1996年开始公开市场业务操作,迄今为止,中央银行使用过的公开市场操作工具主要有:国债、政策性金融债券和中央银行票据。操作工具的选择主要是依据中央银行拥有的该工具的数量决定的,以及根据外汇资产的人民币占款情况决定的,同时,更重要的是根据宏观经济发展的需要决定的。与大多数发展中国家和体制转轨国家一样,我国公开市场操作工具的选择也呈现出了阶段性和多样性。1996年我国公开市场操作工具主要是财政部当年发行的短期国债,但是由于自1997年起,财政部停止发行短期国债,中央银行无法继续选择短期国债作为交易工具,为此从1998年起,中央银行将国债、政策性金融债券同时作为操作工具。而随着我国国际收支顺差的不断增大,到2003年6月末,外汇储备已经达到3200亿美元,基础货币投放的压力不断增大,因为对冲工具缺乏,2003年5月开始选择发行中央银行票据作为公开市场操作的主要工具。宏观经济形势和国债市场的发展决定了目前我国公开市场业务操作工具形成一种以中央银行票据为主,国债和政策性金融债券为辅的格局。结合2006年以来银行间债券市场运行情况来看,每个营业日央行票据成交量占总...     

央行票据的调控效率及其可持续性

央行票据出台以来,对冲销外汇占款发挥了巨大作用。随着人民币重归有管理的浮动汇率制度和央票滚动发行的利息成本问题越来越突出,央行票据继续充当货币政策工具受到众多质疑。文章通过分析不同时期央行票据的政策职能和调控效率,认为不能单从成本角度就得出央票应“淡出”的结论,央行票据的去留应服从于货币政策大局。     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.     

Separation of Unit of Account from Medium of Exchange

The separation of a unit of account (UoA) from a medium of exchange (MoE) in the commodity–money system is investigated by considering explicitly a seller's choice of UoA in terms of either an MoE or a unit of metal weight. If the likelihood of debasement of an MoE and its rate are high enough, the price is posted in terms of a unit of metal weight rather than an MoE. Interestingly, this MoE–UoA separated equilibrium yields the flexible nominal price, whereas an MoE–UoA integrated equilibrium yields the sticky one. This implies the nominal price rigidity in the fiat‐money system where MoE and UoA are integrated.     

银行软件项目外包管理分析

一、引言随着国民经济的不断发展,银行业务与外部企业的联系越来越密切。银行正逐步成为现代经济活动的中心,作为数据处理核心的银行业务应用也越来越大型化、越来越复杂化,因此许多银行也把软件项目逐步由原来的自主开发转变为与公司合作的方式,或直接外包开发的方式,银行本身的技术人员也逐步由开发转向项目管理。二、项目外包的分类银行项目的外包有以下几种情况:①部分子系统外包,有时由于银行的软件项目太大,单靠银行自身的开发力量基本无法在预定的时间内完成项目,只好把相对独立的部分外包;②直接购买软件公司的成熟产品,有些金融软…     

银行管理信息平台建设发展的思考

一、目前国内银行IT发展现状及面临的问题 银行数据集中工作的完成,标志着银行的业务由电子化建设阶段转入信息化建设阶段.一方面银行数据的集中提供了丰富全面的基础数据,面对日益庞大的数据源,如何将数字转化为对银行有用的信息,并从中发现知识,为银行的经营决策提供支持,是摆在银行IT人员面前的一个亟待解决的问题.另一方面用户对银行信息的需求日益增长,如果银行没有一套完整、实用的信息管理系统,将对业务发展非常不利.南京爱立信公司倒戈花旗银行事件曾经轰动一时,其中一个重要原因就是中国本地银行不能满足爱立信全球总部对南京爱立信公司的要求:每周财务上报和每天贷款限额管理.这一事件为中国商业银行的未来发展敲响了警钟,如果不加快管理信息系统的开发,迅速提升业务管理水平,类似的事件还会接连不断地发生,并最终导致国内商业银行在同国外商业银行的竞争中全面溃败.     

Properties of time-series estimates of degree of leverage measures

Empirical studies suggest that time-series regression estimates of the degrees of operating and financial leverage have a tendency to produce measures less than one. According to ex ante theory, these measures should be greater than one for firms operating above the breakeven point. There have also been suggestions that the biases in these estimates may be attributable to an underlying increase in unit sales. This work presents evidence that these counter-intuitive measures are produced by changes in the firm's operating parameters (unit price, variable cost, fixed cost and interest payments). It further suggests that attempts to control for the underlying change in unit sales substantially increase the volatility of predicted estimates.