地方经济增长目标对企业研发投入的影响与机制——基于“发展方式—政绩考核—政府行为—经济效应”范式的分析

经济增长目标管理是中国政府驱动经济发展的重要抓手之一,地方经济增长目标的设定与实现会对地区经济发展和微观企业行为产生重要影响。在主要追求数量增长的粗放型经济发展方式下,GDP增长率成为地方政府绩效考核的核心指标,并形成地方政府“为增长而竞争”的格局;在此情形下,过高的地方经济增长目标设定与实现目标的硬约束导致地方政府可能过多干预地区经济以确保目标实现,而这种干预会抑制企业研发投入的增长。以2007—2018年中国沪深两市A股上市企业为样本的分析发现：地方经济增长目标越高,企业研发投入强度越低;地方经济增长目标过高,会促使地区基础设施建设规模扩张、产业结构偏向工业化和技术市场发展相对迟缓,并驱使企业加大实物资本投资力度、提升杠杆率和降低财务稳定性,这些都会对企业研发投入产生负面影响。进一步的研究发现,地方政府行为的转变会引发“地方经济增长目标—企业研发投入”关系的变化：地方政府对经济增长目标的“加码”行为（超越国家目标和区域目标）和“五年规划”考核临近带来的考核压力加大,都会强化“地方经济增长目标—企业研发投入”的负向关系;在地方政府竞争体系中,“为增长而竞争”的相对弱化和“为创新而竞争”的相对强化可以有效改善“地方经济增长目标—企业研发投入”的结构性错配;经济发展方式的转变带来了地方经济增长目标的结构性调减,并有效弱化了“地方经济增长目标—企业研发创新”的负向关系。因此,要深化地方政府绩效考核体制改革,优化地方政府竞争体系结构;各级政府用重视经济增长目标设定过高可能带来的负面效应,审慎制定短期经济增长目标;地方政府要切实转变经济发展方式,提高经济增长目标管理与企业创新发展之间的适配度,疏通阻碍企业创新活动的堵点。     

地方经济增长目标会影响技术创新吗

从地级市经济增长目标管理实践的视角切入,实证检验了地方经济增长目标对城市技术创新的影响效应.研究表明,较高的经济增长目标对城市技术创新产生了显著抑制作用,该影响力度在不同的发展阶段与城市特征中存在显著异质性.作用机制检验结果表明,地方政府设定较高的经济增长目标会导致财政科技支出规模下降、土地资源错配程度加剧以及生产性服...     

经济增长压力会阻碍科技自立自强吗？——基于技术创新模式转型视角的研究

文章从技术创新模式转型视角研究了地方政府面临的经济增长压力对科技自立自强的作用机制。基于2003—2015年大中型工业企业省级面板数据的分析表明,经济增长压力阻碍了地区工业技术创新模式转型,因而经济增长压力不利于科技自立自强的实现;基于2011—2019年规模以上工业企业省级面板数据样本、更换核心变量和采用不同估计方法,研究结论均没有实质性变化;此外,相比于中西部地区,东部地区的阻碍作用更大;影响机制分析表明,经济增长压力会通过政府降低财政科技支出和对信贷市场的干预进而阻碍地区工业技术创新模式的转型。研究加深了对中国地方政府经济发展行为及其后果的理解,能够为加快推进工业技术创新模式的转型和科技自立自强的实现提供路径支持。     

政府关注对企业技术创新重要吗?——基于企业面板数据的经验证据

现有文献关注政府政策干预对技术创新的激励作用,却普遍忽视政府行为诸如政府创新预期和创新关注可能对企业技术创新的影响。选择R语言文本挖掘方法,从2005—2017年地方政府工作报告中提取关键词,结合上市公司专利数据,探究政府创新关注度与企业技术创新的关联效应。研究发现,政府关注对技术创新和技术创新方向作用存在非一致性,政府关注未能正向激励技术创新和提高创新质量,却能有效改变技术创新方向,这应该源于政府关注的技术创新效应呈“U”型即门槛特征所决定;不同类型企业政府关注的技术创新效应迥异,其中国有与高盈利企业的发明创新均表现负向作用效应且对技术创新质量提升作用有限;政府关注度会通过影响企业研发资金配置改变企业创新激励,但政府关注度增加企业研发信贷的同时会挤出企业自有研发资金,引致技术创新方向转变而损害企业创新质量。     

财政分权对地方政府经济行为的影响分析

财政分权是中央与地方关系的重要内容.改革开放以来我国的财政分权特别是1994年的分税制改革对地方政府的经济行为产生了深刻的影响,地方政府经济行为"变异"的根源在于现行体制对地方政府的激励与约束.因此,规范地方政府经济行为的重点就是要调整完善地方政府的治理结构,通过立法进一步明确中央与地方的关系,划清中央与地方以及地方各级政府间的事权财权,做到财权与事权、权利与义务的对等.     

产业结构调整、财政收入与经济增长的关系——以福建省为例

运用VAR模型分析福建省产业结构调整、经济增长与地方财政收入增速的关系,并结合Granger因果检验、脉冲响应函数与方差分解探究了三者的因果关系、冲击影响和波动来源.研究表明,分税制改革对福建省的财政与经济有明显的负面作用,福建省财政收入增速对当地经济发展有着直接和主导的作用,现阶段福建省产业结构调整对经济的影响很小.政府需要用多种刺激政策齐头并进,引导产业结构进行转型升级,刺激经济增长.     

财政分权、地方政府激励与环境污染——基于省级动态面板模型分析

论文利用2007年—2015年28个省份动态面板数据和GMM估计法对财政分权与环境污染之间关系进行探讨。结果发现,首先,财政分权对环境污染的影响同时受到地方政府生产性支出激励和服务性支出激励的影响,在生产性支出激励下,财政分权与环境污染呈正相关,在服务性支出激励下,财政分权与环境污染呈负相关;其次,整体上财政分权与环境污染呈现正相关关系,财政分权度越高,环境污染越严重;再次,东部、中部和西部在整体上财政分权都对环境污染有正向作用,但每个地区的大小不一样;最后,在服务性支出激励小于生产性支出的激励下,中央政府转移支付会强化地方政府生产性支出偏向行为,从而加剧环境污染。为此,论文提出,财政分权不必然会加剧环境污染,要从根本上解决环境污染,应从对地方政府的激励约束入手,逐步提高地方政府绩效考核中环境因素所占比例,同时适度增加辖区居民对本地公共事务的参与度,进而增加地方政府服务性支出激励,改变其支出偏向行为和加速发展方式的转变,实现经济增长与环境治理的双重目标。     

环境规制工具、政府支持对绿色技术创新的影响研究

政府通常会搭配使用规制政策与支持政策以激励绿色技术创新,而合理选择政策工具是确保政策搭配有效的关键.选取命令型、费用型、投资型三类环境规制工具与研发补助、低碳补贴两种政府支持行为,以2008-2018年中国工业省级面板数据为样本,实证研究了不同环境规制工具、政府支持行为对绿色技术创新的直接影响与耦合影响.实证结果显示:在当前政策强度下,命令型规制、投资型规制、研发补助促进绿色技术创新,低碳补贴抑制绿色技术创新,费用型规制对绿色技术创新的影响效果不显著;研发补助和低碳补贴分别正向和负向调节费用型规制和投资型规制的绿色创新激励效果.对样本内生分组后,拓展分析结果显示:由于绿色创新水平的地区差异,上述政策工具的效果呈现出明显的地区异质性特征;东部沿海与长江中下游地区应当充分利用"研发补助—市场型规制"间的正向耦合效应推动绿色技术创新,而中西部非长江中下游地区应当构建以"研发补助+命令型规制"为主体的创新激励政策体系.最后,结合对地方政府政策工具选择过程中存在问题的讨论,为不同政策主体提供了相应的对策建议.     

政府补助与公司投资行为——基于中国上市公司的数据

基于公司投资视角,以2007—2012年我国资本市场上A股上市公司为样本,研究政府补助对公司投资行为的影响,结果显示：政府补助越多,公司投资支出水平越高;政府补助对非国有公司的投资激励作用比国有公司更有效;公司产权性质差异会影响政府补助的投资激励效应;市场化程度越低、经济增长越缓慢的地区,政府补助对公司投资支出的影响越敏感;上市公司的非效率投资问题比较突出,政府补助加剧了上市公司的过度投资行为。因此,政府应根据微观企业主体的差异性来制定和实施相应的补助政策,以实现预期效果。     

分权模式下地方政府赶超对环境质量的影响——基于中国省际面板数据的实证分析

经济赶超行为使得地方政府降低了环保门槛,放松了对污染企业的监管,同时导致地方政府的环保投入严重不足,这不利于环境保护及持续改善。通过构建包括环境质量方程和产出决定方程在内的联立方程模型,并运用中国省际面板数据对地方政府经济赶超行为和环境质量的相关性进行计量分析,可以发现,地方政府的经济赶超行为对环境质量有显著的消极影响;同时,环境质量的恶化也显著地阻碍了地区经济增长。     

Experimental bias: Task,tools, and time

In any experiment, control over all possible variables affecting the response is rarely, if ever, possible. Even in a laboratory setting it is difficult to control all variables which might conceivably affect the outcome. This study identifies three variables—task relevancy, tool availability, and time allocation as variables which have potentially reactive effects in laboratory experiments. The authors gratefully acknowledge the helpful comments of Gerald Albaum and Donald Messmer.     

我国服务贸易发展中的问题、成因和对策研究

改革开放以来,我国对外服务贸易取得了快速增长。但由于服务贸易发展的基础不牢、服务产业结构不合理等原因,致使我国的服务贸易发展存在总体发展规模相对滞后、贸易商品集中于传统领域等问题。促进我国服务贸易又好又快发展,需要社会各界,特别是有关政府部门、相关企业及行业协会等各类主体相互配合、共同努力。     

Alliance competence, resources, and alliance success: Conceptualization, measurement, and initial test

This research examines the effect of an alliance competence on resource-based alliance success. The fundamental thesis guiding this research is that an alliance competence contributes to alliance success, both directly and through the acquisition and creation of resources. Using survey data gathered from 145 alliances, empirical tests of the hypotheses provide support for the posited explanation of alliance success. The findings indicate that an alliance competence is not only antecedent to the resources that are necessary for alliance success but also to alliance success itself. C. Jay Lambe (Ph.D., The Darden School at University of Virginia) is an assistant professor of marketing in the Pamplin College of Business at Virginia Tech. For 10 years prior to entering academe, he was engaged in business-to-business marketing for both Xerox and AT&T. His research interests include business-to-business marketing, relationship marketing, marketing strategy, and sales management. He has publications in theJournal of the Academy of Marketing Science, theJournal of Product Innovation Management, theEuropean Journal of Marketing, theJournal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, theInternational Journal of Management Reviews, theJournal of Business-to-Business Marketing, and theJournal of Relationship Marketing. He also serves as a reviewer for theJournal of Business-to-Business Marketing. Prior to joining the faculty at Virginia Tech, he was one of five Texas Tech University faculty members chosen in 1999 from the entire university for the annual Outstanding Faculty Member Award by the Mortar Board and Omicron Delta Kappa (Texas Tech University student organizations that recognize excellence in teaching). Robert E. Spekman is the Tayloe Murphy Professor of Business Administration at the Darden School at the University of Virginia. He was formerly a professor of marketing and associate director of the Center for Telecommunications at the University of Southern California. He is an internationally recognized authority on business-to-business marketing and strategic alliances. His consulting experiences range from marketing research and competitive analysis, to strategic market planning, supply chain management, channels of distribution design and implementation, and strategic partnering. He has taught in a number of executive programs in the United States, Canada, Latin America, Asia, and Europe. His executive program experience ranges from general marketing strategy, to sales force management, to channels strategy, to creating strategic alliances, to business-to-business marketing strategy, to a number of single-company and senior executive management programs. He has edited and/or written seven books and has authored (coauthored) more than 80 articles and papers. He also serves as a reviewer for a number of marketing and management journals, as well as for the National Science Foundation. Prior to joining the faculty at the University of Southern California, he taught in the College of Business at the University of Maryland, College Park. During his tenure at Maryland, he was granted the Most Distinguished Faculty Award by the MBA students on three separate occasions. Shelby D. Hunt is the J. B. Hoskins and P. W. Horn Professor of Marketing at Texas Tech University, Lubbock. A past editor of theJournal of Marketing (1985–87), he is the author ofModern Marketing Theory: Critical Issues in the Philosophy of Marketing Science (South-Western, 1991) andA General Theory of Competition: Resources, Competences, Productivity, Economic Growth (Sage, 2000). He has written numerous articles on competitive theory, macromarketing, ethics, channels of distribution, philosophy of science, and marketing theory. Three of hisJournal of Marketing articles—“The Nature and Scope of Marketing” (1976), “General Theories and Fundamental Explananda of Marketing” (1983), and “The Comparative Advantage Theory of Competition” (1995) (with Robert M. Morgan)—won the Harold H. Maynard Award for the best article on marketing theory. His 1985Journal of Business Research article with Lawrence B. Chonko, “Ethics and Marketing Management,” received the 2000 Elsevier Science Exceptional Quality and High Scholarly Impact award. His 1989 article, ”Reification and Realism in Marketing: in Defense of Reason,” won theJournal of Macromarketing Charles C. Slater Award. For his contributions to theory and science in marketing, he received the 1986 Paul D. Converse Award from the American Marketing Association, the 1987 Outstanding Marketing Educator Award from the Academy of Marketing Science, and the 1992 American Marketing Association/Richard D. Irwin Distinguished Marketing Educator Award.     

Child labor legislation: effective, benign, both, or neither?

This paper explores the relationship between the state-specific child labor legislation and the decline in child labor that occurred in the US between 1880 and 1900. The existing literature that addresses this question uses a difference-in-difference estimation technique. We contribute to this literature in two ways. First, we argue that this estimation technique can produce misleading results due to (a) the possibility of multiplicity of equilibria and (b) the non-linearity of the underlying econometric model. Second, we develop an empirical strategy to identify the mechanism by which the legislation affected child labor decisions. In particular, besides establishing whether the legislation was effective or not, our analysis may determine whether the legislation constituted a benign policy or not, i.e., whether the legislation constrained the behavior of families (not benign) or whether it changed the labor market to a new equilibrium in which families voluntarily respected the law (benign).     

理解凭单制:渊源、机制、模式及运用

凭单制作为政府改革工具,实质是在公共服务中引入市场机制的一种制度安排。它渊源于新自由主义经济学,从消费者角度通过强化其选择权而巧妙植入市场竞争机制。凭单制存在公平导向、效率导向及公平与效率兼顾等不同政策取向及模式。尽管它在公共部门需要一定的运作条件,但能广泛运用于包括食品、住房、医疗、教育、幼儿保健等具有融合特征的"福利物品"提供领域。     

Customer engagement: the construct,antecedents, and consequences

In this study, we highlight the need and develop a framework for customer engagement (CE) by reviewing the marketing literature and analyzing popular press articles. By understanding the evolution of customer management, we develop the theory of engagement, arguing that when a relationship is satisfying and has emotional connectedness, the partners become engaged in their concern for each other. As a result, the components of customer engagement include both the direct and the indirect contributions of CE. Based on the theoretical support, our proposed framework elaborates on the components of CE as well as the antecedents (satisfaction and emotion) and consequences (tangible and intangible outcomes) of CE. We also discuss how convenience, nature of the firm (B2B vs. B2C), type of industry (service vs. product), value of the brand (high vs. low), and level of involvement (high vs. low) moderate the link between satisfaction and direct contribution, and between emotions and indirect contribution of CE, respectively. Further, we show how customer engagement can be gained and how firm performance can be maximized by discussing relevant strategies.     

交换型腐败:现象、成因、趋势和防控

交换型腐败在商业、司法、教育和医疗等社会领域中都大量存在.究其原因,在于资源的稀缺性制约社会成员向上流动,从而形成资源分配者与资源需求者之间的不正当利益交易.交换型腐败的发展既受生产力条件的制约,也与特定历史时期的文化观念密切相关,其价值的泛化甚至可能改变现行的正统价值观.防控交换型腐败需要各方主体合作和相关制度的密切配合才能实现.