基于混合Logit模型的消费者偏好测量研究

消费者偏好研究是微观经济学、市场营销学等学科的重要基石,如何测量消费者偏好长期以来是实证研究者们研究的重要问题之一。文章通过对离散选择模型原理的介绍以及一个实证的例子,揭示出离散选择模型尤其是混合logit模型在消费者偏好测量方面的优势。     

基于绿色营销的消费者品牌偏好变化影响因素的实证研究——以食品、家用电器为例

从绿色营销与消费者心理与行为交叉研究层面选取了消费者品牌偏好变化的视角,侧重对消费者在绿色营销的影响下出现的＂绿色＂品牌偏好变化现象进行实证研究。通过问卷调查表对影响消费者偏好的内部特征因素和外部环境因素进行了统计描述性分析,并选取绿色营销较为成熟的食品和家电行业为研究对象,对消费者绿色品牌偏好变化特征进行数据收集及实证分析,从而为企业在绿色营销活动中依据消费者品牌偏好变化趋势有效细分市场、选择目标市场、确定产品定位以及制定营销组合策略等提供依据。     

收入因素与中国劣质品市场的部分逆向选择

基于Akerlof逆向选择模型,引入收入因素对其分析,通过说明收入因素影响消费偏好,进而改变消费者的无差异曲线,建立一个有限次交易后最终达到非零均衡的部分逆向选择的基本模型,并着重从这一侧面,即收入因素的影响,分析为什么在中国劣质品市场会长期存在。研究表明：购买偏好因收入增加而改变明显的劣质品的解决途径是增加人们的收入水平;购买偏好随收入增加改变不明显的劣质品的解决途径是增加外部干预。     

消费者行为与产品替代的概率选择模型-北京冰箱市场的一个经验分析

该文提供了一个运用离散选择模型进行需求及行业分析的实例.该文在一个三层次嵌套 LOGIT 模型的框架中,将消费者的购买过程假定为首先在国产品牌和外国品牌之间,然后在大、中、小冰箱之间,最后在不同的品牌之间进行选择.通过对消费者选择概率的加权平均,我们预测了每种冰箱的市场份额,计算出它们之间的半价格弹性,并借此分析了北京市冰箱市场上的价格竞争特点.所有的经验结果都充分反映了消费者特征和产品特征对市场需求的影响.     

科技成果产业化目标市场评估与选择模型研究

在分析国内外目标市场评估与选择理论研究现状及其存在问题的基础上,构建了基于系统动力学(SD)的目标市场评估与选择过程控制模型;明确了科技成果产业化目标市场评估系统边界,并采用战略环境评估方法,从宏观环境支持程度、产业环境威胁力及内部资源条件满足程度等方面识别出24个营销绩效影响因素,形成了SD模型的基准变量;然后构建了科技成果产业化目标市场发展提升过程因果关系图、流图、量化分析方程,形成了SD系统结构模型,刻画出影响因素与科技成果产业化营销绩效的动态反馈规律;最后结合某高分子材料类科技成果产业化实际,对其目标市场评估SD模型进行了vensim软件模拟,并基于目标市场发展水平及稳定性模拟结果,提出了科技成果产业化目标市场选择方案,为高等院校和科研院所科技成果产业化目标市场评估与选择提供借鉴。     

销售商与消费者选择的不完全信息静态博弈模型

销售商向市场上销售某商品,销售商具有关于产品质量的私人信息,而市场上的消费者具有关于偏好的私人信息.销售商和消费者均可以观察到某先验概率,不同类型的销售商选择价格来使得期望收益最大化,而不同类型的消费者则选择是否购买来获得个人效用的最大化.     

基于偏好分层理论的个体行为选择分析框架

传统经济理论假定个体服从理性判断,遵循选择逻辑,并据此演绎出个体行为选择分析的两种方法.但无论是基于偏好法的效用理论还是反其道而行的显示偏好理论,本质上均无法解释清楚现实中的个体选择何以是丰富多彩的.本文引入偏好分层理论,构建“偏好-行为”分析框架,认为个体偏好可以分为内核层、基本层、表象层和行为层四个层次,该分层的偏好体系决定了个体的知识结构,而特定的知识结构将对个体行为进行损益分析,促使个体做出策略选择并付诸行动.这一理论重新解释微观行动主体在不同场景下的行为选择问题,能够较好地解释现实经济活动中个体的目标驱动行为和规则遵循行为,从而避免新古典经济学效用分析法和显示偏好法在解释个体行为上的局限.     

异质性视角下个体行为选择的理论基础

传统经济理论假设个体服从理性判断,遵循选择逻辑,并据此演绎出个体行为选择分析的两种方法.但无论是基于偏好法的效用理论还是反其道而行的显示偏好理论,本质上均无法解释清楚现实中的个体选择为何是丰富的或多样化的.通过梳理以Hayek为代表的奥地利学派真正以个体作为根本特征的理论范式可以发现,引入个体(偏好)异质性是增进人类行为理解的一个关键.     

消费者行为与产品替代的概率选择模型-北京冰箱市场的一个经验分析

本文提供了一个运用离散选择模型进行需求及行业分析的实例。本文在一个三层次嵌套 Logit 模型的框架中,将消费者的购买过程假定为首先在国产品牌和外国品牌之间,然后在大、中、小冰箱之间,最后在不同的品牌之间进行选择。通过对消费者选择概率的加权平均,我们预测了每种冰箱的市场份额,计算出它们之间的半价格弹性,并借此分析了北京市冰箱市场上的价格竞争特点。所有的经验结果都充分反映了消费者特征和产品特征对市场需求的影响。     

城市住宅特征价格分析:对杭州市的实证研究

由于住宅产品的异质性,国外学者广泛使用特征价格模型分析城市住宅市场。特征价格模型的理论基础主要由Lancaster偏好理论和Rosen的产品特征市场供需均衡模型两部分组成。在访谈的基础上,选择了18个住宅特征作为模型的自变量,基于线性函数形式构建了杭州市住宅特征价格模型。采用杭州市2 473个住宅样本数据和290个住宅小区的实地调查资料对模型进行了估计,发现就整个住宅市场而言,14个住宅特征对住宅价格具有显著影响,并且影响程度有差异。同时,根据特征价格对14个住宅特征的影响程度进行了排序,并分为四类。     

Choice proliferation,simplicity seeking,and asset allocation

In settings such as investing for retirement or choosing a drug plan, individuals typically face a large number of options. In this paper, we analyze how the size of the choice set influences which alternative is selected. We present both laboratory experiments and field data that suggest larger choice sets induce a stronger preference for simple, easy-to-understand options. The first experiment demonstrates that, in seeming violation of the weak axiom of revealed preference, subjects are more likely to select a given sure bet over non-degenerate gambles when choosing from a set of 11 options than when choosing from a subset of 3. The second experiment clarifies that large choice sets induce a preference for simpler, rather than less risky, options. Lastly, using records of more than 500,000 employees from 638 institutions, we demonstrate that the presence of more funds in an individual's 401(k) plan is associated with a greater allocation to money market and bond funds at the expense of equity funds.     

Coordination Costs,Market Size,and the Choice of Technology

Impact of coordination costs and market size on a firm's choice of technology is studied in a general equilibrium model in which finns engage in oligopolistic competition. A firm establishes an organizational hierarchy to coordinate its production. First, it is shown that an increase in market size leads a firm to choose a more specialized technology. Second, surprisingly, a robust result is that an increase in the level of coordination efficiency leads a firm to choose a less specialized technology.     

Choice Certainty and Consistency in Repeated Choice Experiments

The main objective of this study is to examine how repeated choice affects preference learning in stated preference experiments. We test different hypotheses related to preference learning by analyzing response patterns and asking respondents in a choice experiment to report their experienced certainty when going through the choice tasks. In a split-sample test, we show that follow-up choice certainty questions are procedural invariant. The self-reported certainty results indicate that learning occurs, but econometric testing procedures do not identify any significant impact of learning effects on parameter estimates or variance across choice tasks. Additional tests of choice consistency suggest that preferences in the choice experiment are stable and coherent.     

Intertemporal Choice,Saving and Investment,and Interest Rate: Contributions from a Neglected Hayekian Model

Hayek’s ‘Utility analysis and interest’ expounds a graphical model of intertemporal choice that has not received the attention it deserves. This model is important in that it can be used as a basic macroeconomic model and can therefore perform for the Austrian School the role that the Solow model plays for the standard neo-classical paradigm. This article provides an in-depth presentation of the Hayekian model, and then applies the model to key theoretical issues in macroeconomics; namely, the effects upon intertemporal equilibrium and upon the interest rate of a change in time preference, of the implementation of a technical development and of an increase in the supply of labor.     

A Joint Latent-Class Model: Combining Likert-Scale Preference Statements With Choice Data to Harvest Preference Heterogeneity

In addition to choice questions (revealed and stated choices), preference surveys typically include other questions that provide information about preferences. Preference-statement data include questions on the importance of different attributes of a good or the extent of agreement with a particular statement. The intent of this paper is to model and jointly estimate preference heterogeneity using stated-preference choice data and preference-statement data. The starting point for this analysis is the belief that the individual has preferences, and both his/her choices and preference statements are manifestations of those preferences. Our modeling contribution is linking the choice data and preference-statement data in a latent-class framework. Estimation is straightforward using the E-M algorithm, even though our model has hundreds of preference parameters. Our estimates demonstrate that: (1) within a preference class, the importance anglers associate with different Green Bay site characteristics is in accordance with their responses to the preference statements; (2) estimated across-class utility parameters for fishing Green Bay are affected by the preference-statement data; (3) estimated across-class preference-statement response probabilities are affected by the inclusion of the choice data; and (4) both data sets influence the number of classes and the probability of belonging to a class as a function of the individual’s type.     

Sen’s criticism of revealed preference theory and its ‘neo-samuelsonian critique’: a methodological and theoretical assessment

This paper evaluates how Amartya Sen’s critique of revealed preference theory (RPT) stands against the latter’s contemporary, ‘neo-Samuelsonian’ version. Neo- Samuelsonians have argued that Sen’s arguments against RPT are innocuous, in particular once it is acknowledged that RPT does not assume away the existence of motivations or other latent psychological or cognitive processes. Sen’s claims that preferences and choices need to be distinguished and that external factors need to be taken into account to analyze the act of choice then appear to be irrelevant. However, while it is true that contemporary revealed preference theory (CRPT) partially evades Sen’s critique, I show that the latter is still relevant outside the restricted areas of consumer choice and market dynamics. In particular, Sen’s views regarding the importance of incomplete preferences and the multiplicity of levels of agency can hardly be integrated into the framework of CRPT. This is a significant limit, given the imperialistic claims of some of the proponents of the latter.     

基于市场调查的欧美游客旅游选择偏好研究

旅游者的个人特征因素与旅游选择和偏好有着密切的关系。从旅游者的需求角度去分析旅游者的目的，并从中掌握客源市场的变化趋势，探讨其对于旅游市场拓展、旅游形象设计和旅游管理、旅游资源开发的参考价值。     

Progressive entry and the incentives to invest in alternative infrastructures

In this paper we study an entrant’s incentives to build a network infrastructure, when there is an initial phase of service-based competition where it leases access to the incumbent’s infrastructure. We build a model in which the phase of service-based competition allows the entrant to step into the market by progressively acquiring market experience. We show that the acquisition of experience in the phase of service-based competition delays the entrant’s investment when the prospects for infrastructure investment are good, and accelerates investment otherwise. We also show that when the acquisition of experience depends on the entrant’s current customer base and facility-based entry is a long-term possibility, setting a low access price can accelerate the entrant’s investment.     

Modelling choice and switching behaviour between Scottish ski centres

The paper identifies the need to model the skier's choice of centre and the basic ideas underlying discrete choice models and their estimation. It then identifies data requirements and sources, the final choice of specification and the estimated parameters of the resultant nested multinomial logit model. The results indicate two quite distinct markets. For day-trippers snow cover, cost, and, to a lesser extent, the journey length, were the critical factors. For those staying overnight the key determinant in this market seems to be accommodation. Interestingly centres which for the day-tripper are competitors, become, for the overnight customer, complementary.