产业链并购的特点、发生机制及其效应

在跨国链主主导的全球价值链体系下,发展中国家如果不采取适当的产业政策,极容易陷入产业在低端徘徊的困境。本文结合跨国链主对中国本土企业产业链并购的特点,分析了市场信息获取型、品牌竞争型和产业链整合型三种产业链并购的发生机制。根据中国加入全球价值链的事实,进一步评价了产业链并购对构建国家价值链可能造成的影响。     

绿色信贷政策影响中国企业全球价值链攀升吗

绿色信贷政策重新配置信贷资源,促使高污染、高能耗企业绿色转型,为推动企业全球价值链高端攀升提供了新思路。利用绿色发展企业数据库、中国工业企业数据库与海关贸易数据库合并数据,以2007年绿色信贷政策实施为准自然实验,考察绿色信贷政策对企业全球价值链分工地位的影响。研究表明,我国绿色信贷政策的实施显著提升企业全球价值链分工地位。机制检验可知,生产率效应与中间品替代效应是绿色信贷政策的实施影响企业全球价值链分工地位的重要机制。进一步研究发现,企业对污染型中间品依赖程度越强,绿色信贷政策对企业全球价值链分工地位的提升效应越小;地区环保政策执行力度有助于强化绿色信贷政策对企业全球价值链分工地位的提升效应。因此,细化环境风险评定标准与绿色信贷政策指导目录,完善企业创新激励配套措施,破解资金与技术障碍,提升环保政策执行力度,缓解绿色信贷政策的信息不对称难题,发挥绿色信贷政策对企业全球价值链分工地位升级的重要作用。     

贸易便利化与中国全球价值链地位攀升——基于服务要素投入视角的分析

文章在构建贸易便利化、服务要素投入与全球价值链地位的一般理论模型基础上,运用世界投入产出表数据和贸易便利化数据计量分析贸易便利化基于服务要素投入对中国全球价值链地位攀升的影响效应.结果 表明:贸易便利化通过增加服务要素投入显著促进中国全球价值链地位的攀升.贸易便利化对全球价值链地位的影响效应与返回国内增加值密切相关,显著促进中国向劳动要素丰裕国家出口劳动密集型产品返回国内增加值,向服务要素丰裕国家出口服务密集型产品返回国内增加值.贸易便利化水平显著提升中国制造业全球价值链分工地位.此外,相比发展中国家,发达国家贸易便利化水平的提高对中国全球价值链地位提升具有更强的促进作用.     

中国电子及通讯设备制造业全球价值链地位影响因素研究

对于广大发展中国家来说,借助全球价值链的分工体系实现经济发展是当前世界经济环境下必须选择的一种发展路径。文章以高技术制造业的代表性行业电子及通讯设备制造业为例,通过对相关经济理论、已有研究文献的分析,得出影响该行业全球价值链地位的可能因素,并利用2000—2014年相关数据对这些可能因素和中国该行业全球价值链地位之间的关系进行实证检验。分析的结果指出(结论)技术水平、人力资本、对外开放程度等因素的增长会推动中国电子及通讯设备制造业全球价值链地位的提高;行业资本水平和经济自由度的提高则会阻碍中国电子及通讯设备制造业全球价值链地位的提高;外商直接投资与企业平均规模对中国电子及通讯设备制造业全球价值链地位的影响尚不确定,值得进一步研究。文章最后依据分析结果为中国提升电子及通讯设备制造业乃至高技术制造业在全球价值链中的地位提出建议。     

中国制造业全球价值链地位研究

本文以Koopman等提出的全球价值链(GVC)地位指数为基础,测算中国制造业总体和具体行业在全球价值链中的国际分工地位及其动态变化,并与发达国家和与中国发展阶段相似的发展中国家进行横向国际比较.研究表明,用制造业总体的GVC地位指数很难准确反映一国的全球价值链分工地位,分行业测算效果更佳;中国制造业正受到发达国家从高端和更低成本的发展中国家从低端的双重挤压,因而应加快实现全球价值链地位的攀升和制造业由大到强的战略转变.     

全球价值链嵌入对出口产品质量的影响 ——基于中国城市数据的分析

全球价值链嵌入被认为是促进发展中国家经济发展的重要举措.为探究全球价值链嵌入对中国出口产品质量的影响是否与其影响经济贸易的逻辑一致,本文运用微观和城市层面的结合数据,研究了中国285个城市全球价值链嵌入度对出口产品质量的影响,研究发现:(1)整体而言,中国全球价值链嵌入度与出口产品质量之间呈倒U型关系.(2)从地区异质性上看,中部地区的检验结果与基准结果保持一致,东部地区城市全球价值链嵌入度的提高会显著提升出口产品质量,而西部地区城市全球价值链嵌入度对出口产品质量没有显著影响.(3)从嵌入度异质性上看,全球价值链嵌入度与出口产品质量之间的倒U型关系只存在于高嵌入度城市,且倒U型拐点向后偏移,位于全球价值链嵌入度较高的位置.(4)从时间维度上看,全球价值链嵌入度与出口产品质量之间的倒U型关系在2007年以后演变为了负向关系,表明在2007年以后,全球价值链嵌入度越高,抑制效应越占据主导地位,从而阻碍了出口产品质量升级.本文研究对全球化背景下中国国际贸易的高质量发展具有一定的启示作用.     

全球价值链对发展中国家贸易条件的传导机制研究——基于数理模型的讨论

文章构建一个垂直型生产模式的产业组织基础模型,通过进出口渠道推导嵌入全球价值链对贸易条件的影响。同时,加入上游垄断下游寡头的博弈模型用于分析发展中国家在价值链下游分工中遭受的价格歧视。研究发现：嵌入全球价值链过程中,影响下游企业贸易条件的因素主要包括中间品与最终品的供需关系以及上下游企业之间的渗透与博弈;当发达国家的上游企业掌握垄断势力,而发展中国家的下游企业嵌入低端环节造成市场竞争时,随着全球价值链嵌入程度的加深,下游企业为生产最终品所需要的进口中间品比例增加,通过进口中间品价格的提升,恶化了发展中国家的贸易条件;在全球价值链的稳定结构中,上游垄断企业实行价格歧视总是有利可图。     

全球价值链视角下技术赶超机制研究

本文以全球价值链为研究视角,引入技术差距、吸收能力和全球价值链地位三个变量,通过内部知识累积效应、外部知识互补效应、内部知识替代效应以及外部知识竞争效应的综合分析,构建技术赶超机制理论模型并进行实证检验,从而为我国技术赶超提供经验借鉴,其结论如下：（1）技术差距缩短与后发国家全球价值链地位呈倒“U”型关系;（2）吸收能力提升与后发国家全球价值链地位呈正“U”型关系;（3）在吸收能力低和技术差距大时,提高吸收能力会抑制后发国家全球价值链地位提升;反之,提高吸收能力会提升后发国家全球价值链地位。     

生产性服务进口复杂度与制造业全球价值链地位：理论机制与实证分析

利用TiVA数据库2005-2016年46个国家或地区的面板数据,实证检验生产性服务进口复杂度对制造业全球价值链地位的影响,结果显示:生产性服务进口复杂度显著促进制造业全球价值链地位提升,但存在国家或地区以及行业异质性,表现为生产性服务进口复杂度对发达经济体制造业全球价值链地位具有显著促进作用,而在发展中国家则不显著;对高技术制造业全球价值链地位的提升作用强于中低技术制造业;新型生产性服务进口复杂度有利于制造业全球价值链向高端攀升,而传统生产性服务作用相反;中介效应结果表明生产性服务进口复杂度通过技术进步、产业结构升级与劳动生产率提高等机制促进制造业全球价值链地位提升。     

发达国家碳规制对发展中国家全球价值链升级的影响研究

发达国家利用其在全球价值链中的主导地位,采用碳规制迫使发展中国家参与总量减排,从而对后者全球价值链升级产生重要影响。从理论上而言,发达国家碳规制降低了发展中国家全球价值链升级的动力和能力。采用27个发展中国家和中国9个制造业的非平衡面板数据模型证实,碳规制阻碍了发展中国家及其产业的全球价值链升级,导致全球价值链中部坍陷。为应对发达国家碳规制对发展中国家全球价值链升级的阻碍,发展中国家应加强合作,积极争取发达国家的援助;对中国而言,应把推动碳规制约束下沿线发展中国家全球价值链升级作为"一带一路"战略的重要切入点。     

China–US trade: implications on conflicts

ABSTRACT

In this study, we examine various aspects of China’s trade, the U.S.’ trade, and the bilateral trade between the two countries. The analysis of each aspect has direct and indirect implications on trade conflicts between the two countries. We focus on important factors, such as the growth of trade, import penetration, increased competitiveness of Chinese firms, comparative advantages of Chinese goods, China’s WTO entry and its compliance, and bilateral trade imbalance. While each of the factors can lead to trade frictions, individual factors will not have led to a large-scale trade war. These factors converge within a brief period and thus can be considered the China shock, thereby making other countries’ adjustments to their economic structures difficult. Therefore, trade frictions are inevitable.     

海外研发、贸易摩擦与创新绩效：来自中国高科技上市公司的经验证据

海外研发被视为后发国家实现技术赶超的有效路径,现有文献基于经贸自由化的前置条件证实了海外研发提升创新绩效的反哺作用。然而在全球贸易保护主义抬头的背景下,资源要素的自由流动愈发困难,海外研发能否发挥应有的作用尚不得而知。为此,基于中国高科技上市公司的数据,本文探索了中美贸易摩擦如何影响中国企业的海外研发绩效。研究发现,中美贸易摩擦非但没有侵蚀中国企业的海外研发绩效,反而产生倒逼效应,推动中国企业提升投资效率并积累国际投资经验,继而增强了海外研发的反哺作用。通过区分海外研发目的地,本文进一步发现倒逼效应在赴非美国家的样本中更显著。赴美研发受到贸易摩擦的冲击更为直接,稀释了提升投资效率和积累国际化经验所带来的收益。研究结论深化了国际商务理论关于贸易保护和壁垒如何影响跨国企业投资绩效的相关研究,为中国企业在高度不确定的投资环境下如何充分释放海外研发的潜能提供启示。     

Impact of nontariff measures on firms in Tunisia

This paper analyzes the effect of nontariff measures (NTMs) on firms in Tunisia. It draws a precise picture of NTMs’ effects on firms’ imports. We use firm‐level data to take into account firm heterogeneity. We explore the impact of NTMs on small vs. medium and large firms. We also consider the differentiated impact of NTMs. Some measures have informational content and help reduce information asymmetries. When the endogeneity issue of NTMs is controlled for, results show an overall positive impact of NTMs on imports. They provide evidence that NTMs are more beneficial to the imports of medium and large firms. Moreover, NTMs with informational content have an import enhancing effect. An extended analysis separating importing and exporting firms from those solely importing suggests that both types of firms benefit from the positive effects of NTMs. This result highlights the need to assist small firms facing NTMs. Furthermore, some NTMs with informational content should be addressed carefully and not considered only as barriers to trade to be eliminated. Instead, harmonization efforts between countries can be a better policy.     

Unemployment and Economic Integration for Developing Countries

While financial or trade integration between countries may increase the size of the market and aid the adoption of more advanced technologies, will it also increase the level of urban unemployment for a developing country? In this model, there is unemployment in the urban sector. Manufacturing firms engage in oligopolistic competition and choose increasing returns technologies to maximize profits. Financial firms provide capital to manufacturing firms and they also engage in oligopolistic competition. We show that an increase in the wage rate in the manufacturing sector changes neither the level of technology nor the level of employment in the manufacturing sector. While financial or trade integration between developing countries leads manufacturing firms to adopt more advanced technologies, the level and rate of employment in the manufacturing sector will not deteriorate.     

Growth opportunities and trade credit: evidence from Chinese listed firms

Private firms in China have led the explosive growth of the country’s economy, but with restricted or no access to formal financing. It is puzzling that these firms use relatively less trade credit than their counterparts in developed countries. We argue that firms with more growth opportunities should rely mainly on internal financing owing to high asymmetric information, especially in a financial market environment biased towards state-owned enterprises (SOEs) such as China. To explore growth opportunities, these firms may reduce their level of trade credit in the trade-off they face in deciding where to invest. Using panel data of Chinese non-financial listed firms for the period 2003–2013, we find that the relationship between growth opportunities and trade credit (both accounts receivable and payable) is significantly negative and is more pronounced in private firms than in SOEs. Furthermore, we also find that subsequent to the new receivable pledge policy being introduced, Chinese firms with more growth opportunities have higher accounts receivable, but similar levels of accounts payable.     

中国农食产品标准国际化能否提升出口产品质量?

执行国际标准能够促进产品质量提升,但也会给企业带来过高的遵从成本,从而可能不利于企业产品质量的提升。选取2000-2013年中国农食产品标准数据与企业-产品层面海关数据,实证分析中国农食产品标准"国际化"对企业出口产品质量的影响。结果显示:从整体来看,标准"国际化"对企业出口产品质量效应显著为负,而我国自行制定的国家标准对质量影响显著为正;按照对国际标准采纳程度分类,以及对出口产品和出口目的国发展程度分类,分样本检验发现,标准"国际化"对企业出口产品质量存在异质性影响。为此,照搬发达国家主导制订的国际标准不适用于中国出口企业,可能会由于过高的遵从成本阻碍企业产品质量升级。另一方面,以中国为代表的发展中国家需积极参与到国际标准的制定中,从而减少过高遵从成本对产品质量升级及出口带来的不利影响。     

Extra-union exports of industrial goods from customs unions among developing countries

Formation of a customs union by developing countries is likely to affect extra-union exports of industrial goods. Two competing hypotheses as to the likely direction of such effects are presented, related to the more conventional concepts of trade creation and trade diversion, and tested. On one hand, increased competition and intra-industry specialization may lead to the emergence of larger, more specialized firms which will be more able to export to the rest of the world. On the other hand, expansion of the protected ‘domestic’ marke may induce firms to sell domestically products that they would otherwise have exported. Evidence from the Central American Common Market (CACM) is consistent with each of the two hypotheses for different goods. In aggregate, CACM extra-union exports of industrial goods did not keep pace with the increase in extra-union imports during 1962–1968.     

Wake up and smell the ginseng: International trade and the rise of incremental innovation in low-wage countries

Increasingly, a small number of low-wage countries such as China and India are involved in incremental innovation. That is, they are responsible for resolving production-line bugs and suggesting product improvements. We provide evidence of this new phenomenon and develop a model in which there is a transition from old-style product-cycle trade to trade involving incremental innovation in low-wage countries. The model explains why levels of involvement in incremental innovation vary across low-wage countries and across firms within each low-wage country. We draw out implications for sectoral earnings, living standards, the capital account and, foremost, international trade in goods.     

ICT and global sourcing – evidence for German manufacturing and service firms

This paper analyses the relevance of information and communication technologies (ICT) for firms’ probability of global sourcing of inputs. Using firm-level data from Germany in 2009, which include mainly small and medium-sized firms, the empirical analysis differentiates between manufacturing and service firms. The results show some differences between the manufacturing and service sector. Controlling for various sources of firm heterogeneity, the global sourcing probability is increasing in the firms’ share of employees with Internet access in the manufacturing sector. E-commerce-intensive firms are more likely to source inputs from abroad but generally, this relationship between e-commerce and global sourcing is only robust in services and much stronger there than in manufacturing. In both sectors, it is strongest in industries with higher upstream industry diversity. Moreover, labour productivity is positively linked to global sourcing. The findings support arguments for the importance of the Internet for global trade.     

A hard slog, not a leap frog: Globalization and sustainability transitions in developing Asia

How does globalization influence transitions toward more sustainable socio-technical regimes in the developing world? This paper argues that transformations of regimes, the networks and institutions governing technological and environmental practices in an industry, can be positively influenced by globalization but it depends on how global forces interact with local socio-political landscapes—the political-economic institutions, values, and regulations broadly guiding an economy and its relationship to the environment. We evaluate these relationships through a comparison of two kinds of socio-political landscapes—the neo-liberal export-led development model commonly found in the developing world and the uniquely Asian capitalist developmental state. We first show how the neo-liberal model overemphasizes the power of market forces to facilitate upgrading and more sustainable industrialization. We then argue that capitalist developmental states in East and Southeast Asia have been better able to harness global economic forces for technological and sustainability transitions through an openness to trade and investment and effective public-private institutions able to link cleaner technologies and environmental standards to production activities in firms. We buttress this argument with firm-level evidence showing the evolution of socio-technical regimes in two industries—cement and electronics. The case studies demonstrate how interactions with OECD firms can contribute to environmental technique effects provided the socio-political landscape is amenable to changes in an industry's regime. Ultimately, we find the process of transition to be complex and contingent; a hard slog not a leap frog toward a potentially more sustainable future. We close by considering the limitations on the capitalist developmental state model and with comments about what else needs to be learned about globalization's role in sustainability transitions.