新兴市场体的出口结构与汇率稳定

本文介绍了汇率对出口价格传递机制的模型。该模型中描述了汇率对出口价格的传递机制与出口结构有关:在进口的投入品比例高时,或出口产品与外国产品相似、竞争激烈时,出口变化对汇率的变动不敏感。由于以东亚为代表的新兴市场体普遍采取了出口导向型战略,因此出口结构决定了该地区对汇率稳定的钉住汇率制度有着偏爱本质。而对于不可避免地增加汇率弹性的中国而言,只有使出口结构高级化,才是人民币升值坚实的基础。     

汇率波动、出口结构与贸易福利——基于要素流动与世界经济失衡的分析

研究世界经济失衡背景下,汇率波动对一国出口商品结构和贸易福利的影响具有重要的理论价值与现实意义。本文通过构建不完全竞争模型,研究了世界经济失衡条件下汇率波动对劳动力资源无限供给的国家(以中国为代表)的出口结构与出口福利的影响,并就汇率波动对不同要素密集度产业的出口量、企业利润、就业和出口贸易福利等进行了模拟分析。研究表明:具有一定资本要素密集度的劳动密集型产业的出口受汇率波动的影响最大;劳动密集型产业的出口受到的影响较大;资本密集型产业的出口所受的影响较小;汇率波动对各种产业出口幅度的不同影响将改变一国的出口商品结构。     

人民币汇率变动与我国出口商品结构互动关系研究

随着1994年汇率制度改革以来,人民币实际有效汇率升值对我国商品出口的影响逐渐显现,分析汇率波动与我国出口商品结构关系具有重要的现实意义。本文在人民币汇率波动情况下,分析人民币实际有效汇率波动对我国出口商品结构的影响,提出了在人民币实际有效汇率升值趋势下,转变出口商品结构的政策建议。     

全球价值链、汇率传递与出口贸易弹性

文章在考虑全球价值链(GVC)前向联系和后向联系的基础上,建立汇率变动影响出口贸易的理论模型,评估汇率变动对中国制造业出口规模和出口结构的影响。研究发现,忽视GVC因素会导致出口贸易整体的汇率传递率低估7. 9%,汇率弹性高估15. 1%,电子信息和机械设备两个行业的汇率弹性高估30%以上。尽管GVC后向联系主导出口贸易的汇率传导机制,但前向联系在个别行业的影响力也不容忽视,并且随着制造业的价值链提升而趋于增强。GVC联系的行业差异和国别差异导致出口贸易弹性表现出鲜明的行业特征和国别特征,人民币升值有利于出口行业结构的高级化调整和出口市场结构的多元化调整。主要货币汇率的非对称变动虽然有利于中国出口总量的规模扩张,却不利于出口结构的优化调整。     

人民币汇率对我国出口影响的实证研究

理论上看,名义汇率升值可以降低一国出口,然而,在其他影响出口因素的作用下,名义汇率升值对出口的影响可能有所弱化。本文解释了汇率升值对出口负面效应弱化的原因,并在此基础上,采用多项式滞后模型实证检验了人民币汇率变化对我国出口的影响,得出了人民币汇率升值(实际有效汇率和名义有效汇率)对我国出口总额的影响短期并不显著,但其长期累计效应不可忽视的主要结论。     

人民币汇率变动对中国商品出口价格的传递效应

本文在不完全竞争市场结构下构建了适合中国汇率传递研究的分析框架,并将其应用于对中国商品出口价格汇率传递效应的经验检验。本文通过一位数国际贸易标准分类的研究表明,中国商品出口价格的汇率传递程度是不完全的,而且不同分类之间存在较大差异。同时,我们还构建了一个依市场定价指数来衡量不同出口行业在世界市场上的竞争力强弱。在此研究的基础上我们还对改革开放以来中国商品总体出口价格竞争力进行了对比分析。     

汇率传递异质性对中美贸易失衡的解释

文章利用VAR模型考察2000~2015年期间中美货币政策对双边贸易的非对称传导事实,从理论上分析中美贸易失衡调整的汇率传递因素,并根据贸易价格汇率传递模型,估计了中美两国出口和进口价格方程,实证检验了中美两国进出口汇率传递的异质性:美国从中国进口的汇率弹性较低,对中国出口的汇率弹性较高,而中国从美国进口的汇率弹性较高,对美国出口的汇率弹性较低,贸易定价模式不同以及汇率制度、通胀率、企业经营效率及商品品质等方面的差异是中美汇率传递异质的主要影响因素。因此,美国扩张性货币政策对中美贸易余额调整的作用非常有限,中美贸易差额不在于人民币汇率的高低,而在于中美国际分工地位和经济结构差异。同时,中国应稳步推进人民币汇率形成机制改革,改善企业经营环境,提高出口商品质量,争取对外贸易定价权。     

人民币汇率、企业出口边际与出口动态

基于2000~2007年工业企业微观数据和高度细化的海关数据,文章深入考察了人民币实际有效汇率对中国工业企业出口行为的影响。结果显示:(1)人民币实际有效汇率升值对中国工业企业的出口决策、出口数量、出口价格和出口额均有显著的抑制作用,并且从标准化系数来看,其对出口数量、出口价格和出口额的影响相对较大,这说明人民币实际有效汇率对企业出口的影响更多体现在集约边际上,并且在集约边际内部,企业主要通过调整出口数量来应对人民币实际有效汇率升值对其出口的冲击;(2)人民币实际有效汇率对企业出口行为的影响因企业生产率水平、规模、融资约束、所有制和贸易方式的不同而具有显著的异质性;(3)就人民币实际有效汇率与企业出口持续期的生存分析发现,人民币实际有效汇率升值显著缩短了企业出口的持续时间。     

汇率弹性弱化的一个解释：价值链位置视角

文章基于产业层面,利用多重全球价值链位置指标论证了全球价值链位置对出口汇率弹性的影响。研究结果表明,汇率对出口依然富有弹性,这反映了汇率对出口竞争力的影响依然不容忽视。然而,多角度检验结果均支持全球价值链位置的攀升将弱化出口汇率弹性的结论,这一点在低技术产业出口以及向高收入经济体的出口中体现得尤为明显。分阶段看,全球价值链位置对汇率弹性的影响并不均衡,高阶段的价值链位置提升对汇率弹性的弱化强度更高。因此,促进中国出口产业的全球价值链位置向高端攀升,尤其是提升与发达国家之间联系产业的全球价值链位置能有效弥补产业结构调整的不足,从而弱化汇率变动对出口的冲击。     

汇率对出口价格传递率的经验研究:以1971～2003年的日本为例

本文研究的是日本进入浮动汇率以来日元汇率对出口价格的传递率及其特征。通过建立汇率的出口价格传递率模型进行经验分析得到以下结论:日本进入浮动汇率的33年来,日元汇率的短期和长期出口价格传递率分别为-0.4956和-0.6583,日元汇率升值幅度越大,其出口价格传递率越高;日元汇率对出口价格的短期传递率呈现下降趋势;20世纪80年代中期以后,日本国内批发物价对出口价格没有明显的影响。     

Dutch disease economics and the Colombian export boom

Dutch disease models predict a primary export boom may result in deindustrialization due to an appreciating real exchange rate. This paper examines the effects on the Colombian economy of large increases in foreign exchange earnings from coffee and illegal drug exports. As predicted by Dutch disease models, the relative price of nontraded goods rose and the real exchange rate appreciated. Once the boom was over, both were slow to return to previous levels. Nontraded sectors are shown to have increased their growth rates during the boom years, while traded goods experienced slower growth. Non-coffee exports also grew more slowly. Econometric estimation shows that the real exchange rate was sensitive to the price of coffee and fiscal expansion, that sectoral production adjusts to the exchange rate and level of absorption as predicted, and that non-coffee exports respond to changes in the real exchange rate and foreign demand. The paper concludes with a discussion of economic policy in response to the export boom.     

The Effect of the Exchange Rates on Investment in Mexican Manufacturing Industry

This paper, considering revenue and cost exposure channels, investigates the effects of exchange rate on fixed capital investment in Mexican manufacturing sector over 1994–2003. We find that i) currency depreciation has a positive (negative) effect on fixed investment through the export (import) channel; ii) exchange rate volatility impacts mostly export oriented sectors; iii) the sensitivity of investment to exchange rate movements is stronger in non-durable goods sectors and industries with low mark-up ratios.     

The effect of export tax rebates on export performance: Theory and evidence from China

This paper develops a Cournot quantity competition model to examine the effect of export tax rebate policy on export performance. The main conclusions drawn are as follows: (i) when a government raises the export rebate rate, the output of final goods for export by the domestic firm increases, while the output of the foreign competitor decreases; (ii) when a government raises the export rebate rate, the profit of the domestic firm increases, while that of the foreign competitor decreases; and (iii) the optimum export rebate rate is positive and greater than 1, indicating that the domestic government not only refunds fully the custom duties paid by the domestic firm on imported intermediate goods, but also offers export subsidies for its export of final goods.To corroborate the conclusions drawn based on the theoretical model, empirical analysis was carried out using the statistical data of China from 1985 to 2002. The test results of Spearman rank correlation coefficient show that China's export tax rebate policy has significant positive correlation with its exports, final domestic consumption, and foreign exchange reserve.     

Vertical trade and China's export dynamics

This paper examines how China's exports are affected by exchange rate shocks from countries that supply intermediate inputs to China. We build a simple small open economy model with intermediate goods trade to show that due to the intra-regional trade in intermediate goods, a devaluation of other Asian currencies does not necessarily hurt China's exports, as imported intermediate goods could become cheaper. The effect of intermediate goods costs depends critically on the share of intermediate goods used in China's export goods production and the degree of exchange rate pass-through in imported intermediate goods prices. If prices for intermediate goods are not very sticky, the effect through this channel could be large, and China's exports could even benefit. We find that these findings do not depend on China's choice of currency invoicing between the RMB and the US dollar or the choice between fixed and flexible exchange rate regimes.     

美国进口的影响因素与奥巴马政府调整的结构性困境

本文讨论多种变量对多种进口商品的作用程度.由4种变量(进出口价格指数、汇率、国民收入、银行贷款利率)对美国5种进口商品(工业原材料、石油及制品、资本品、机动车辆、消费品)施加影响的AR模型输出结果显示:在所有考察的影响因素中,国民收入是决定进口水平的最重要方面.美国进口变化影响因素的现实背景,使美国政府在制定经济政策时...     

The Response of Trade Prices to Exchange Rate Changes

The present paper examines export and import pricing behavior following exchange rate changes in small, open economies. Using a monopolistic model, this study reveals that export and import prices should change but not in proportion to exchange rate movements. The policy implication of the results is that the pricing to market phenomenon could be a critical factor in explaining the evolution of the external trade balance with strategic interaction present in the case of prices on tradable goods. Consequently, the use of an exchange rate policy in the case of external imbalances should be a central issue within the broader context of how market structure and conduct affect the optimal traded goods prices.     

The Renminbi as a Trading Currency: Evidence from Selected Countries Participating in the Belt and Road Initiative

This paper investigates the effects of the renminbi (RMB) exchange rate on trade prices and volumes in selected Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) countries in comparison with the effects of the US dollar. The stylized facts show that the RMB is underused in bilateral trade with selected BRI countries where intermediate goods dominate. By estimating the level of exchange rate pass‐through and trade volume elasticity, we find that the RMB is significantly correlated with the volume of imports in the sample countries, predicted by the producer currency pricing (PCP) paradigm. We also regroup intermediate and final goods between China and the BRI countries. The evidence shows that dollar fluctuation affects export volumes, reflecting the role of the US as a final goods destination, whereas the RMB exerts a significant impact on the volume of intermediate goods imported from China to the sample countries due to China's important position in global value chains.     

国际贸易中计价货币选择的决定因素研究——基于微观视角的局部均衡分析

在既有的基于微观视角的包含两币的局部均衡模型中引入交易货币,发现国际贸易中计价货币选择的决定因素依次为:卖方市场结构、出口品差异化程度、出口国所占目标市场份额、其他出口商的计价策略和汇率的稳定性.在同质性商品的国际贸易中,计价货币的非同质性会导致货币垄断计价.其中,进口方货币的垄断计价地位较为稳定,出口方货币垄断计价情...     

人民币汇率升值对中国货物贸易的影响及对策建议

自2005年7月21日起,我国开始实行有管理的浮动汇率制度,并且小幅升值2%。人民币汇率升值对中国各行各业已产生深远的影响。本文首先分析了人民币弹性浮动汇率机制的形成,然后分别从进出口商品结构、货物贸易方式结构、对外贸易主体结构和对外贸分布结构四方面深入分析人民币汇率升值对我国货物贸易的影响,最后提出对策,以缓解人民币升值所带来的负面影响。     

贸易模式与不完全汇率传递——基于扩展的古诺模型的解释

本文采用一个扩展的古诺模型分析证明了贸易模式与不完全汇率传递的关系。首先,本文从破解人民币升值背景下中国贸易规模和贸易顺差仍持续增长这一谜题出发,分析了中国贸易模式和出口结构特征,描述了中国在国际生产价值链上的角色,阐述了垂直型产业内模式和中间产品占比较大的贸易结构对人民币汇率传递水平的影响。其次,对Dornbusch采用的古诺模型进行拓展,引入贸易模式变量,构建了一个局部均衡的理论模型。模型分析表明,产业市场结构、本国供应商的市场地位和贸易模式是影响出口价格的汇率传递水平的重要因素。最后,根据模型分析结论,提出相应的政策建议。