Developing and validating a multidisciplinary scale of E-retailing website elements

The purpose of this article is to theoretically identify the salient elements of e-retailing websites and empirically verify them through a rigorous scale development process. A mixed method approach was followed to achieve these objectives: a qualitative (content analysis) and a quantitative approach (factorial and confirmatory surveys). Three findings emerge from the current study. First: this study provides sound empirical support for e-retailing website elements as a high-order construct that consists of eight first-order factors. Second, the current research suggests that the measurement instrument for e-retailing website elements, which contains 54 items, is a valid and reliable using the following factors: hedonic website design elements, technical website design elements, website experiential elements, website relational elements, product-related elements, order-related elements, security-related elements and social media presence. Third, the proposed measurement instrument of e-retailing website elements strongly predicts e-satisfaction and e-trust. The key contribution of this study stems from developing and validating a multidisciplinary scale that synthesizes and integrates the major perspectives of e-retailing website elements.     

Capturing the meanings of sport licensed products

The current two-part study investigated the meanings embedded in sport licensed products and aimed to develop and test the psychometric properties of an instrument designed to capture those meanings. Data analysis resulted in the development of the five-factor 17-item Meanings of Sport Licensed Products (MSLP) scale that was found to be a reliable and valid instrument. It is suggested that sport licensed items present value through their aesthetic appeal and their contribution to sport consumers’ experience, socialization, personal history, and sense of locality. Regression analysis showed that the MSLP are a significant predictor of future behavior, specifically sport consumers’ willingness to recommend these products to others and their intention to buy them again in the future. Understanding how consumers choose certain products and why those products become important to them could lead to more effective strategies for the development, promotion, and sale of sport licensed items.     

HEALTHQUAL: a multi-item scale for assessing healthcare service quality

The purpose of this study is to examine the measurement dimensions of healthcare service quality proposed in previous studies, quality awards, and service quality accreditation and/or certification systems in the international community. Based on this review, a comprehensive set of healthcare service quality (HEALTHQUAL) measurement items is derived focusing on care processes and results. Thus, the study investigated priorities among the nine measurement items identified through 368 patients and 389 public respondents in South Korea. The results show that the degree of care improvements (26.55 %) was rated as the most important and the second was tangibles (19.82 %) by both groups. The proposed measurement items for HEALTHQUAL were tested using data collected from 385 patients and 251 public respondents at a hospital with more than 500 beds in South Korea. The proposed HEALTHQUAL model consisted of the following five components: empathy, tangibles, safety, efficiency, and degree of improvements of care service.     

Simultaneous measurement of quality in different online services

The purpose of our study is to propose a measurement model, based on two separate scales, to simultaneously test the quality of three services: online travel reservations, accommodation reservations and online ticketing. A scale to measure electronic service quality consists of four dimensions: design, functionality, privacy and information/reliability. The second scale used to measure recovery electronic service quality consists of two dimensions: access/contact and responsiveness. The findings indicate that our scales are reliable, valid and consistent among different contexts. To complete the validity assessment of the proposed scales, we test the nomological validity comparing different competing models.     

Government performance evaluation using a balanced scorecard with a fuzzy linguistic scale

An efficient performance measurement system is essential for controlling, monitoring and improving service quality in governmental organisations. In this study, a new ‘government performance evaluating (GPE) procedure’ using a balanced scorecard structure integrated with a fuzzy linguistic scale is proposed for measuring and improving public service. The GPE procedure contributes the following: (1) integration of financial, citizen service and internal work processes as well as learning and growth perspectives in the evaluation procedure; (2) use of a fuzzy linguistic scale to convert the subjective cognition of managers into an information entity and (3) confirmation of improvement.     

Product knowledge of fabric sales personnel: a comparison of three measurement methods

This study was designed to compare responses of fabric sales personnel to three types of product knowledge measures. These measures were: (1) written test items on a questionnaire; (2) oral items administered by a researcher posing as a consumer; and (3) projective items that require estimation of other clerks' knowledge. Fifty-four clerks participated in the consumer interviews and 100 completed a questionnaire containing the written test and projective items. Forty clerks completed all three measures. In contrast to some of the findings regarding the measurement of attitudes, estimation of other people's knowledge was not found to be a useful indicator of the estimator's own knowledge. Furthermore, the consumer interview and written test methods were found to produce similar, but not completely interchangeable, results. A major implication of these findings is that one should consider the objectives of the measurement process in selecting a method for measuring product knowledge.     

Hofstede's individual-level indulgence dimension: Scale development and validation

In spite of the important role of culture in consumer behavior, there has been no study of the effects of indulgence vs. restraint, the sixth dimension of Hofstede's cultural framework, at the individual level. This is mainly because there has been no scale to measure indulgence vs. restraint at the individual level. Given that ascribing national-level cultural scores to individuals may cause an ecological fallacy, the four studies of this research conceptualize and develop a valid and reliable measure for individual-level indulgence. In study 1 (n= 290), using PCA, the items were purified to the final six items. The result of an EFA in study 2 (n=230) suggested a unidimensional six-item structure for the scale. This structure was confirmed by a CFA in study 3 (n=257). Study 3 established the reliability, convergent, discriminant, and criterion validities of the scale. In study 4 (n=219), through developing and testing the nomological network, the nomological validity of the scale was supported by showing that the impacts of individual-level indulgence on hedonic attitudes and repurchase intentions are mediated by positive post-purchase emotions and hedonic attitudes, respectively.     

Desire for Visual Aesthetics (DVA) in the Store Environment: Concept and Measurement

The article describes the development, purification, and validation of a reliable self-report scale designed to measure the Desire for Visual Aesthetics (DVA) in the store environment. There is limited literature on the subject and a measurement scale has eluded both academicians and practitioners that could help measure the need for aesthetics in the retailing environment and help marketers decide on the level and type of aesthetics for the different segments in the target market/s and also the different type of retail stores. We used 3 focus groups, 8 individual interviews, and 891 surveys to develop, purify, and validate the 9-item Likert type scale. We also provide evidence for dimensionality, reliability, and validity. The scale could be used by academicians and practitioners alike, and could replace single items to measure the concept.     

Measuring user perceived service quality of online auction sites

This study proposes a measure for online auction sites' service quality (OA-SQ). The conceptualisation is based on a literature review of service quality research and an analysis of the unique characteristics of online auctions. A pilot study refined the initial scale. A second survey data set tests the final scale. Results of both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis show high construct validity of the scale. The scale includes 24 items for seven dimensions: efficiency, system availability, privacy/security, compensation, personalisation, playfulness, and reputation.     

Determining the Key Factors of Customer–Brand Relationship Investment Dimensions: Insights From Malaysian Mobile Phone Users

This study aims to empirically test a scale to measure the dimensions of relationship investment. An exploratory factor analysis and reliability analysis were conducted on a sample of 150 mobile phone customers, whereas a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on a sample of 539 customers. The results identified 2 dimensions each for customer and brand investment and validated the measurement items for each dimension. Thus, this study offers a sound scale for potential use in future studies and a useful tool for companies to use to diagnose and plan for an effective engagement strategy.     

组织学习量表的开发

组织学习的定义与量表呈现多元化,基于国内外主要组织学习定义与量表的系统研究,整合界定了一个组织学习定义,并适用该定义,参照Churchill的量表开发程序,开发了一个组织学习量表,新开发量表包括发现、获取、比较、反思、纠错、记忆六个测量维度和18个测量项目,以两组中国企业样本数据进行了实证检验,结果表明具有较好的信度与效度。     

Private label personality: applying brand personality to private label brands

Private label brands (PLBs) are an important facet of the retail offering within the supermarket sector. Although research has focused on the risk factors of private label purchasing, there has been little research that explores the brand management of private labels including the development of a brand personality. In this study, we investigate how the Aaker brand personality scale applies to a PLB available in two different retail chains and examine its effect on customer attitudes towards private label quality. A factor analysis of these brand personality measurement items shows that five dimensions, confidence (a new dimension), sincerity, ruggedness, excitement and competence are relevant for PLBs. Although much of the original Aaker scale was included in the analysis, one factor, sophistication, was not evident. A regression analysis shows that all private label personality dimensions influenced the private label quality measure with the confidence and sincerity dimensions having the greatest impact.     

Employee Motivation to Co-Create Value (EMCCV): Construction and Validation of Scale

Value Co-Creation (VCC) is an emerging concept that has vast applications in theory and practice. Though previous research has provided enough insights on the customers' role in VCC, relatively less research exists on employee motivation to co-create value (EMCCV) with customers. Among other reasons for such less empirical investigations, one is the unavailability of measurement scale for EMCCV. Therefore, the drive of this study is to conceptualize, develop, and validate a scale to measure EMCCV. Drawing from the expectancy theory and adapting the standard scale development procedure, this study develops EMCCV as a higher-order construct that constitutes four dimensions namely professional identity, financial motives, recognition motives, and career opportunities motives measured by 17 items. The measurement scale is developed in the context of automotive service centers; however, it has a broader application on the frontliners of all service industries and can be adapted in other service-oriented contexts. The scale is tested in a theoretical framework and has provided sound reliability, convergent, discriminant, and nomological validity.     

The Perceived Role of Ethics and Social Responsibility: An Alternative Scale Structure

The Perceived Role of Ethics and Social Responsibility (PRESOR) instrument was developed in the United States by Singhapakdi et al. (1996b) as a reliable and valid scale to measure the perceived role of ethics and social responsibility in achieving organizational effectiveness. This study was carried out to confirm the factorial structure of the instrument and to assess its reliability and validity for use in Hong Kong, the finance and service heart of the Asia-Pacific region and a culture with clear differences in ethical attitudes and perceptions from those of the United States. Constructive replication of the exploratory factor analytic procedure of the original study with a representative sample of Hong Kong managers failed to support the hypothesized scale structure but instead suggested a different, two-factor, structure. Confirmatory factor analysis defined the alternative model which comprised two interpretable, negatively intercorrelated factorial scales, "Importance of ethics and social responsibility" and "Subordination of ethics and social responsibility in the achievement of organizational effectiveness". The model showed a high level of goodness-of-fit for the population and the two subscales, comprised of five items and four items respectively, were shown to have acceptable internal consistency reliability. Correlational and multiple regression analysis showed highly significant levels of association with the ethical ideology dimensions of the EPQ (Forsyth, 1980), used in the validation of the original scale, and with two ethical philosophy subscales derived from the ATBEQ (Preble and Reichel, 1988). The instrument is short, easily administered, is psychometrically sound and has considerable potential in the study of the perceived role of ethics and social responsibility in the achievement of organizational effectiveness.     

可雇佣型心理契约的维度及其测量

可雇佣型心理契约是指员工对于组织在履行其提高员工可雇佣性方面责任和义务的一种主观评价,包括：基于知识补充的心理契约、基于能力提高的心理契约、基于职业成长的心理契约等3相似文献   

Targeting Consumers Who Care about Future Generations

Generativity, as an adult's preoccupation with the well‐being of future generations, is a well‐studied concept in the social psychology literature. However, to this day, little is known about this concept within a consumer context. This article presents two studies that aimed to better understand the attitudes and behaviors of generative consumers. A first study was conducted to develop a more appropriate measure of generativity for consumer situations. It produced a two‐factor consumer generativity scale of six items, one factor of which measures the motivation for symbolic immortality (agentic generativity) whereas the other factor measures the motivation to be useful (communal generativity). The second study showed the predictive validity of the new scale. Highly generative consumers have more favorable attitudes toward ads and products that are generatively positioned. Generative consumers intend to buy products positioned as generative. In addition, the second study presents some sociodemographic characteristics of generative consumers. This research presents a valid and parsimonious scale of consumer generativity, and demonstrates the relevance of using a generative positioning strategy when targeting highly generative consumers.     

eTailQ: dimensionalizing, measuring and predicting etail quality

Quality is related to customer satisfaction, retention and loyalty in both product and services settings. Thus, quality is expected to be a determinant of online retailer success as well. Based on online and offline focus groups, a sorting task, and an online survey of a customer panel, the authors establish the dimensions of the etail experience, and develop a reliable and valid scale for the measurement of etail quality. The analysis suggests that four factors—website design, fulfillment/reliability, privacy/security and customer service—are strongly predictive of customer judgments of quality and satisfaction, customer loyalty and attitudes toward the website.     

A new approach to validate customer satisfaction multi-item measures: the case of shopping goods

In the field of marketing many objects of interest exist that are not directly observable, nevertheless they can be measured through multi-item measurement scales. These instruments are extremely useful and their importance requires accurate development and validation procedures. The traditional marketing literature highlights specific protocols along with statistical instruments and techniques to be used for achieving this goal. For example, correlation coefficients, univariate and multivariate analysis of variance and factorial analysis are widely employed with this purpose. However, these statistical tools are suitable for metric variables but they are adopted even when the nature of the observed variables is different, as it often occurs, since in many cases the items of which the scale is made up are ordinal. Latent class analysis takes explicitly into account the ordinal nature of the observed variables and also the fact that the object of interest is unobservable. The aim of this paper is to show how latent class analysis can improve the procedures for developing and validating a multi-item measurement scale for measuring customer satisfaction with reference to a shopping good, that is a good characterized by a high level of involvement and an emotional learning, linked to the lifestyle of the customer. The latent class approach explicitly considers both the ordinal nature of the observed variables and the fact that the construct to be measured is not directly observable. Applying appropriate latent class models, important features such as scale dimensionality, criterion and construct validity can be better assessed while evaluating the scale.