融资约束下财务柔性对公司信用风险的作用机理

首先从理论层面探讨了在融资约束下财务柔性对公司信用风险的作用机理,提出了"财务柔性缓冲"的概念;然后使用2009—2012年中国A股非金融类上市公司的数据,实证检验了财务柔性对企业信用风险的缓冲作用。研究结果显示:财务柔性对缓冲企业的信用风险具有积极作用,且这种效应与企业所受的融资约束程度密切相关。指出:在后金融危机时期,融资受限的中国企业可通过提高财务柔性持续有效地降低其信用风险。     

Increased price flexibility and output stability

Simulation results of previous authors show an ambiguous effect of increased price flexibility on output stability in models incorporating a Mundell inflation effect on aggregate demand. This paper interprets their results in an analytically tractable model with imperfect, goods-market competition. To be destabilizing, increased flexibility must increase the “hump” of the price level's response to demand shocks. Output variability is always reduced by increasing the size of the flex-price sector and sometimes reduced by shortening contract lengths in the fix-price sector.     

涉外企业应对人民币汇率弹性增强的适应性分析

人民币汇率弹性增加是由我国贸易收支持续顺差、资本流动日渐放松所决定的。涉外企业可以合理借鉴20世纪70年代以来日本企业应对日元升值时的经验,在采用合理的财务对策和外汇风险规避工具、大力开展加工贸易、增加海外直接投资、促进产品升级换代增强核心竞争力等方面积极应对。     

Suburban Nongrowth Policies

Because work time and its control are unevenly distributed, it shapes opportunities across different groups in society, both reflecting and reinforcing existing forms of inequality. Work time flexibility is seen by many as a way to promote gender equality by increasing the ability of women to exercise some control over their work time, thus facilitating their ability to participate in paid work while maintaining families. Yet, flexibility may take on very different meanings in different contexts, particularly with respect to the degree of control workers have over important aspects of their working time. This paper examines the meaning and distribution of work time flexibility for women in the United States. The paper begins with a brief discussion of the social construction and gendered nature of work time, and the complex and evolving distribution of work time in the United States. Measures of flexibility that seek to capture different aspects of workers' control over work time are then defined and examined through recent data for male and female workers from the General Social Survey (GSS).     

新经济中的虚拟一体化组织

虚拟一体化是现代企业有效利用社会资源的一种常用组织形式。它不仅增强了企业的柔性和敏捷性,降低了交易成本和管理成本,而且其协调机制---隐性契约在克服因企业追求降低生产成本而提高资产专用性所引起的垄断租金和专用性准租金方面比纵向一体化和明示契约都具有优势。     

Dynamic Model for Market Competition and Price Rigidity

This article presents a price floor model in which durability, unit costs and production period are factors in explaining price rigidity. This article elaborates that cost structure plays an essential role in resolving the inconclusive relationship between market concentration and price rigidity. When the industry is characterized by decreasing returns of scale, the degree of price flexibility decreases as market competition intensifies. The reverse is true when the industry exhibits increasing returns of scale. The factors that cause price rigidity also foster price adjustment asymmetry and price adjustment lag. During times of recession, the model exhibits upward price flexibility as costs increase, but downward price rigidity as costs decrease. Even under forward-looking expectations, the way in which firms adjust prices could look as though they have adaptive expectations. If price stickiness is a characteristic of market competition, then public policies determined by price level could be too drastic for firms in competitive markets.     

Financial Instability under a Flexible Exchange Rate*

Many governments in developing countries contemplate the possibility of increasing the flexibility of their exchange rates despite having accumulated substantial dollar‐denominated debt. Using a model of corporate dollar debt in which the future exchange rate is uncertain, this paper studies the financial risks that might arise as a consequence of increased exchange rate flexibility. Since a firm may default on its debt either because its dollar income is too low or because investors refuse to roll over its debt, the measure of the overall risk of default should take into account both factors, as well as their interaction. Solving the model for the no‐default rational expectations equilibrium, we find that a small risk of insolvency may bring about a substantial risk of illiquidity.     

Nominal Wage Flexibility and Economic Performance: Evidence and Implications Across Industrial Countries

By considering the theoretical connection between labour and product markets, the paper evaluates the economic relationship of these markets within the contractual wage rigidity New Keynesian explanation of business cycles. The empirical analysis focuses on the short‐run cyclical behaviour of real output, prices and wages for 19 industrial countries. Time‐series and cross‐sectional regressions are estimated. Cross‐sectional cyclical correlations in the labour and goods markets are also evaluated across countries. Consistent with the theoretical predictions, aggregate uncertainty is an important factor in increasing the flexibility of the nominal wage in response to aggregate demand shocks. Wage flexibility accelerates price inflation and moderates the response of real output growth to aggregate demand shocks. Wage flexibility does not appear to be an important factor in differentiating the real and inflationary effects of energy price shocks across countries. Finally, aggregate uncertainty increases the responsiveness of output and price to productivity shocks.     

Politician control, agency problems and ownership reform

Using data from a recent national survey on the ownership reform of state‐owned enterprises in China, we study the effects of reducing politician control and agency problems on a number of reform outcomes. Taking into account the endogenous nature of the reform, we find that these outcome measures of the reform's success are positively affected by the lessening of politician control through increasing the firm's flexibility in labour deployment and by the mitigation of agency costs through the introduction of more effective corporate governance mechanisms such as one‐share one‐vote and shareholding‐based board structure composition. Ownership structure also matters: relative to shareholding by the state, foreign ownership has a positive effect on reform outcomes; individual (mostly employee) shareholding has a negative or insignificant effect. Somewhat surprisingly, operating autonomy (excluding labour deployment flexibility) has a negative effect on firm performance, suggesting serious agency problems in the reformed enterprises.     

国际生产分散化与服务外包的兴起及趋势

20世纪80年代以前,国际生产分散化主要以FDI为主.之后,国际外包在企业经营战略方面所表现出的灵活性与成本优势,使其越来越受到制造业企业的青睐.20世纪90年代以来,国际外包又扩展到服务业,而且服务外包的发展势头越来越强劲.首先分析了国际生产分散化的产生及其组织形式,然后比较了国际外包与FDI的异同.服务外包的兴起及发展趋势说明国际外包在全球生产转移的过程中所起的作用正在变得越来越重要.     

Market Rigidities and Labour Market Flexibility: An International Comparison

The effects of product and labour market rigidities on labour market dynamics are analysed using a panel of two-digit ISIC level data for seven OECD countries. As expected, employment protection was found to slacken labour market flows. Centralized wage bargaining also reduced the degree of job turnover, although a priori the effect of centralized wage bargaining on labour market flexibility is not clear. Industry subsidies have a positive impact on job reallocation by increasing job creation. The labour market dynamics are also compared in detail for two economies regarded as extremes in terms of regulations, the U.S. and Norway.     

中国对俄口岸城市出入境旅游与进出口贸易互动关系的研究——1993—2009年满洲里市的实证分析

以中国满洲里市为例,选取该市1993-2009年对俄出入境旅游和边贸进出口的相关统计数据。从两个断面4组指标的对应关系入手,分析了中俄出入境旅游对双边贸易的促进作用,结果发现：满洲里虽为中俄间最大陆路口岸城市,但与国与国宏观对接关系相比,其对俄出入境旅游与边贸进出口互动关系的弹性和波动性较大,但该市与俄出入境游客量的增长和进出口贸易增长具有明显的时间同步性和相关性,可以建立反映出入境对进口、出口及进出口贸易的6个推拉关系模型;从两个截面对比分析来看,出入境旅游对进口贸易带动作用均大于出口贸易;1993年来满洲里与俄入境旅游比与边境贸易依存度总体上同升同降趋势关系明显,但受到各种干扰因素影响表现出了阶段性的波动。     

Gender Roles and Labor Use Strategies: Women's Part-Time Work in the European Union

Progress towards equal opportunities is critically dependent upon the development of a more equal and more balanced allocation of time in both paid and unpaid work. Gender divisions relating to working time arise primarily from differences in gender divisions within the household but the extent and form that these gender divisions take in the labor market are moderated or mediated by national working-time regimes. These regimes are found to be extremely diverse across Europe with very different implications for gender equality. Current interests in greater flexibility in working time are leading to pressures to changes in working-time regimes and to an increase in the extent of unsocial hours working. The strategies adopted to meet these pressures may vary by country and sector but the restructuring of working time is also likely to be influenced by gender factors and divisions. The result may be increasing differentiation by both gender and class. Progress towards equality requires a renewal of interest in reducing standard working hours and a questioning of the current assumption that increasing unsocial hours working is essential for competitiveness.     

Imperfect credibility,sticky wages,and welfare

This paper studies optimal monetary policy under imperfect credibility in a New Keynesian model with staggered price and wage setting. In our imperfect credibility framework, the central bank commits to a policy plan but occasionally reneges on past promises with a given common knowledge probability. We find that the welfare gains from increasing credibility are approximately linear on the initial credibility level. We also find that the output-inflation stabilisation trade-off is nonmonotonic as higher credibility does not always reduce output volatility. The variance decomposition shows that wage markup shocks are the main driver of economic fluctuations and that these shocks are better contained, even in relative terms, when credibility is high. We then show that the degree of credibility impacts the effect of wage flexibility on welfare. When credibility is low, monetary policy is less potent and the economy can experience a feedback loop between wage volatility and price volatility. We show, though, that once wage markup shocks are taken into account, wage flexibility is usually welfare improving.     

孵化器控制力、企业柔性与创新孵化绩效关系研究

通过对陕西省429家在孵企业调查数据进行层次回归分析,考察“孵化器控制力—企业柔性—创新孵化绩效”三者之间的关系,深入研究孵化器优势对在孵企业创新的前置影响。研究结果表明：孵化器控制力与企业协调柔性存在倒U型关系;资源柔性和协调柔性对孵化创新绩效具有正向影响,且协调柔性贡献更大;孵化器控制力不仅直接与创新孵化绩效之间存在倒U型关系,还通过协调柔性间接影响创新孵化绩效。     

企业创新柔性组态路径研究——一个模糊集定性比较分析

创新柔性对企业在不确定性环境下保持健康稳定发展至关重要,如何提升企业创新柔性受到学界关注。现有文献侧重研究单个因素对创新柔性的净效应,鲜有分析多因素对创新柔性的协同效应。基于组态视角,运用模糊集定性比较分析法(fsQCA),探讨网络能力和知识共创两个层面的5个变量对企业创新柔性的联动效应及其作用路径。结果表明,网络愿景、网络构建、网络管理、联合型知识共创和嵌入型知识共创均不是构成企业高、非高创新柔性的必要条件,且单个前因条件对创新柔性的解释力较弱,说明影响企业创新柔性的因素是多方面的;存在3条提升企业创新柔性的路径,即资源获取型、发展—管理型和单一型;导致企业非高创新柔性的路径有两条,且与高创新柔性路径影响因素存在非对称性关系。研究不仅能丰富创新柔性相关理论,还可为企业提升创新柔性提供思路借鉴。     

Consumer flexibility,data quality and location choice

We analyze firms’ location choices in a Hotelling model with two-dimensional consumer heterogeneity, along addresses and transport cost parameters (flexibility). Firms can price discriminate based on perfect data on consumer addresses and (possibly) imperfect data on consumer flexibility. We show that firms’ location choices depend on how strongly consumers differ in flexibility. Precisely, when consumers are relatively homogeneous, equilibrium locations are socially optimal regardless of the quality of customer flexibility data. However, when consumers are relatively differentiated, firms make socially optimal location choices only when customer flexibility data becomes perfect. These results are driven by the optimal strategy of a firm on its turf, monopolization or market-sharing, which in turn depends on consumer heterogeneity in flexibility. Our analysis is motivated by the availability of customer data, which allows firms to practice third-degree price discrimination based on both consumer characteristics relevant in spatial competition, addresses and transport cost parameters.     

The Spanish Labour Market: Reforms and consequences

The institutional design of the Spanish labour market has been subjected, during the last three decades, to permanent pressure fuelled by two beliefs. On the one hand, by the assumption that a higher degree of flexibility would help to reduce unemployment; on the other, by the assumption that such increased flexibility would also help to reduce inflation rates and, consequently, the inflation gap between Spain and the rest of the European countries. The recent history of the Spanish labour market is, therefore, the history of the reforms implemented to increase the flexibility in such a market. The aim of this paper is, firstly, to describe the main features of these reforms, showing the measures implemented in order to increase the flexibility in the labour market and, secondly, to show the degree of flexibility reached in the labour market. Finally, we will briefly analyse the macroeconomic consequences of these reforms.     

制造企业组织柔性、动态服务创新能力与服务创新绩效

随着制造业服务化转型的逐渐深入,服务成为价值交换的核心要素,企业研发工作的重心从产品创新延伸到服务创新。在服务创新背景下,市场需求、关键资源和创新模式的内涵都发生了根本改变,促使企业不断提高自身适应性以应对挑战。然而,目前关于该主题的研究尚不充分。分析并验证了制造企业组织柔性对动态服务创新能力和服务创新绩效的影响。从支撑服务创新的角度出发,将组织柔性划分为组织文化柔性、组织结构柔性和人力资源柔性,分析了组织柔性通过增强企业动态服务创新能力（服务需求感知能力、服务方案开发能力和服务系统重构能力）提升服务创新绩效的作用机制,构建了反映上述概念之间关系的理论模型。以组织市场（B2B）作为研究背景,面向制造企业管理者收集数据,通过实证分析对理论模型进行检验。研究结果表明：组织柔性对服务创新绩效具有积极影响,动态服务创新能力和市场动态性分别在二者间关系中起中介作用和调节作用。最后,就企业如何提高组织柔性,增强动态服务创新能力,进而改善服务创新绩效提出若干建议和对策。     

Demand Shift across US Industries and the Stabilizing Function of Nominal Wage and Price Flexibility.

Nominal wage and price adjustments in response to demand shocks are likely to determine industrial output variability. The direction of this relationship is complicated, however, by demand and supply factors. The empirical investigation across a sample of private industries in the United States produces the following evidence. Price flexibility moderates the response of the output supplied to a given shift in industrial demand. Similarly, nominal wage flexibility moderates, although insignificantly, the output response to a given shift in industrial demand. The size of industrial demand shifts dominates, however, supply-side constraints in differentiating output fluctuations across industries. While price flexibility moderates shifts in industrial demand in response to aggregate demand shocks, these shifts are larger the higher the nominal wage flexibility across industries. The combined supply and demand effects differentiate the stabilizing function of nominal wage and price flexibility. Nominal wage flexibility increases output fluctuations in response to aggregate demand shocks. In contrast, output fluctuations are smaller the larger the price adjustment to demand shocks across industries. Given the endogeneity of price flexibility, it is necessary to control for variation in demand variability in order to reveal the stabilizing effect of price flexibility on output across industries.