Designing Global Governance for Agricultural Development and Food and Nutrition Security

We point to deficits in current global institutional arrangements in support of agricultural development and food and nutrition security. A framework for global institutional arrangements proposed here is the set of essential international public goods for a well‐functioning world food system. These public goods include international natural resource management; trade and transboundary competition policy; research and innovation; handling large scale food emergencies; and transboundary food safety. Based on the framework, and institutional economics considerations, causes of current malfunctioning of global food governance are analyzed. It is proposed to redesign global food governance by establishing an international platform with policy clusters mapped along the set of global public goods. To support the platform with needed research‐based evidence an International Panel on Food, Nutrition and Agriculture (IPFNA) is suggested, partly following the design of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Existing organizations and mechanisms would form building blocks of the strengthened and redesigned governance system. A gradual approach toward redesign is proposed. Some redesign in the suggested direction was triggered by the food crisis of 2008, as demonstrated by the reform of the Committee on Food Security (CFS) with its high level panel of experts, but more is needed.     

Managing the cost of documentation: the FACT Charting system

Nursing managers and staff RNs must work together to manage documentation costs. The FACT Charting system realized one-time savings of approximately $500,000 through the redesign of repetitive, redundant forms and through increased efficiency using flow sheets and concise narrative notes.     

Information technology in business process reengineering

Today's environment is characterized by increasing levels of competition. Enterprises wanting to increase their market share or obtain profits must adapt to changes in the environment. Consequently, many changes in business methods are beginning to appear. One of them is business process reengineering (BPR), defined as the fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical, contemporary measures of performance. Among the potential enablers of BPR is information technology (IT). IT makes it possible to obtain improvements in BPR, though not just by itself. This paper will demonstrate the importance of IT in one of the most prominent methodologies. Enterprises can make their tasks easier, redesign their organization, change the way they work, and achieve spectacular improvement using, among other enablers, IT. This paper was presented at the Forty-Seventh International Atlantic Economic Conference in Vienna, Austria, March 16–23, 1999.     

我国创业投资税收政策的实证分析

税收政策对创业投资的发展至关重要.本文通过对我国有关创业投资税收政策的实证分析,认为现行税收政策对创业投资业的发展影响甚微,应当通过税收立法消除重复征税,制定鼓励投资者和创业企业和相关人员的税收政策,以发挥税收杠杆的调节作用.     

农村扶贫开发的功能定位及其发展机制——以低保制度为背景

中国农村在反贫困领域已经进入了＂两轮驱动＂（低保和扶贫开发）的历史阶段,这在客观上要求必须对扶贫开发的功能定位和发展机制进行重新认识和设计。扶贫开发既要发展又要救济,发展与救济目标同时兼顾。未来应确立＂发展型＂的扶贫开发工作的新格局,实现正确激励,充分调动贫困地区人民的主动脱贫的积极性和创造性,鼓励竞争,扶持先进,梯次前进,共同发展。     

基于模仿创新的产品设计

在当前我国产品设计相对薄弱，企业资金投入不足的情形下，较难自主创新，模仿创新成为产品设计跨越式发展的必经之路。模仿创新相较率先创新具有后发优势，反而能设计出占据市场主导地位和最具经济效益的产品。但模仿创新不是恶劣的伪造，重点在于借鉴改造，从而形成自身风格。     

国外创新政策评估与设计研究述评

创新是经济长期增长和经济快速发展的关键动力,创新政策在其中发挥了重要的作用。本文首先界定了创新政策和创新政策评估与设计的内涵,创新政策是创新系统的表现形式,创新政策评估与设计是一个系统内与创新相关的主体行为规则体系的评估及再造的理论和方法体系。其次阐述了两种不同的创新政策的的形式及理论基础,在新古典主义经济学理论中,公共政策干预的一个必要条件是市场失灵;在创、新和演化经济学理论中,创新政策制定的注意力从注重市场失灵转向解决系统失灵。在上述两种分析框架下,深入探讨和分析了创新政策实践。最后对国外创新政策评估与设计研究现状进行了概括和评价,列举了国外创新政策评估与设计研究的特征,指出了研究中的不足。     

由二维平面会计到三维立体会计的设计探索

现行会计是平面会计，以资产和权益作为平面的两雏结构，人们看到的只是事物的一个侧面，无法把握其整体情况。运用立体解析几何的方法重新设计会计系统，在原来两个维度，即资产和权益的基础上，寻找出第三个维度，共同构成三雏立体空间，可以构架成为一种新的立体会计系统：三维会计。     

商务模式的价值主张设计研究

商务模式是由价值主张、价值支撑和价值保持来表征的,价值主张的形成和提出是最具有创意的阶段。运用e3-value方法和UCMs技术构建了企业的基本价值模式,提炼出具有独特性的价值主张;最后通过实例,对提炼的企业价值主张设计进行了说明。     

风险投资项目评估失准成因分析及评估机制设计

本文从风险投资评估的规律出发 ,结合我国风险投资运作的特点 ,就评估主体、评估客体、信息结构、评估理论四个方面分析了我国风险投资项目评估失准问题的成因。选择评估机制再设计作为应对机制 ,并针对上述成因 ,从评估机制的构成要素评估流程、调研体系、指标体系、评估方法入手 ,提出了评估机制设计的具体建议和措施。     

试论媒体的亲和力原则——以《家庭导报》改版创新为例

结合《家庭导报》的改版创新实例。阐述了在新媒体扩张和媒体竞争日剧的当下,传统媒体特别是纸质媒体如何增强亲和力的四大原则,即新鲜性、接近性、关怀度和公信力。具体而言,就是：内容为王、角度常新;平民视角、家庭旋律;走进边缘、关注民生;贴近生活、服务社会。只有这样,才能更好地凸显报纸的感染力和影响力。     

中国小额信贷发展研究：一个国际比较的视角

中国经济发展正处于转型阶段，农村经济发展的成败关系到改革的成败，而农村发展的核心问题在于生产的效率和分配的公平两方面的协调，发展小额信贷可以同时达到这两个目的。借鉴世界各国特别是亚洲各国的小额信贷发展的成功经验。适合中国小额信贷的独特的发展路径为：重新安排公平的金融市场环境；界定公正的民间融资标准；公开基层组织制度建设；最终达到城乡公民平等的和谐社会的目标。     

Technological trends in the automobile industry and their impact on aluminum usage

The U.S. passenger automobile is undergoing dramatic alteration in response to changing energy, environmental, and safety influences. Diminishing oil supplies have created a particularly pressing need for improved fuel efficiency, which is being satisfied by aerodynamic streamlining, improving engine and powertrain technology, lowering performance, and reducing weight by downsizing, redesign, and materials substitution. Historical trends in these areas are used in this study as a basis for predicting important attributes of future automobiles. Results suggest that by the end of the century average fuel economy probably will double or triple and per-car aluminum usage will at least double. Aluminum could assume early dominance in lightweight materials substitution because it entails less capital investment and risk to automobile manufacturers than alternative plastic materials.     

Capacity planning in hospital nursing: a model for minimum staff calculation

An aging population, emerging technology, heightening patient expectations, rising health care costs, shorter patient stays, and growing pressure to improve quality have made the management of nursing resources even more critical today. While approaching a model for staffing levels, the authors considered factors such as patient acuity, work redesign, and minimum quality standards. The methodology for analysis included estimating the time needed to complete nursing tasks and calculating the average number of tasks per patient. With respect to nursing quality measures, the study examined the adequacy of nursing documentation including admission history, assessments, nursing procedures, and discharge report as well as nursing-driven outcomes such as fall and phlebitis rates. Lastly, the authors determined the theoretical number of staff needed to provide nursing care according to quality standards.     

Incomplete information and singleton cores in matching markets

We study ordinal Bayesian Nash equilibria of stable mechanisms in centralized matching markets under incomplete information. We show that truth-telling is an ordinal Bayesian Nash equilibrium of the revelation game induced by a common belief and a stable mechanism if and only if all the profiles in the support of the common belief have singleton cores. Our result matches the observations of Roth and Peranson [The redesign of the matching market for American physicians: some engineering aspects of economic design, Amer. Econ. Rev. 89 (1999) 748-780] in the National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) in the United States: (i) the cores of the profiles submitted to the clearinghouse are small and (ii) while truth-telling is not a dominant strategy most participants in the NRMP truthfully reveal their preferences.     

Innovation and knowledge sharing in crowdfunding: how social dynamics affect project success

The aim of this study is to contribute to the existing literature on innovation and knowledge sharing in crowdfunding, by exploring the importance of internal social capital, and how the previous failure of a campaign may lead to the success of a second one from the same project creator. Thus, the research question of the study is: how do social dynamics affect project success in a crowdfunding context? The paper reports an illustrative case study which has been promoted on the Kickstarter platform. The authors analysed data, documentation and physical artefacts, especially regarding the network size during the funding period. The results show that the self-learning which project creators gain from previous failure supports them in relaunching their crowdfunding campaign. However, various revisions take place during the second campaign (e.g. social capital size, product redesign and knowledge sharing) to achieve success.     

Teaching accountants to learn and "building blocks" for accounting education

Conclusions Accounting professionals and academicians have expressed significant interest and are pursuing a variety of changes in accounting curricula. There is a broad range of opinions regarding the nature of the changes needed in accounting education, which range from dramatic redesign to little or no change. There is a need to develop a framework for accounting education that is consistent but flexible to accommodate the majority of the accounting educational needs. The "building blocks" of accounting education presented in this paper provide educators with a basic pedagogical framework for an appropriate learning process. The framework of accounting education specifically focuses on the accounting component of the educational process and identifies the nature of courses and appropriate teaching strategies based upon their goals and objectives. Most educators recognize that only "one" accounting curriculum is insufficient to meet the needs of a variety of constituents. Therefore, it is essential to adopt an appropriate general framework for coursework is adopted to address the development of many diverse accounting programs.     

中国股票市场再融资监管规则变迁的制度经济分析

中国证监会一直试图通过再融资规则的改变来调控上市公司行为，实现市场的有序发展。配股、增发以及可转换债券等途径的创设及其准入门槛的“宽紧”调整成为中国再融资监管的核心。以额度分配为核心的证券发行制度决定了1999年之前的再融资监管规则的整体架构，而当核准制实施后，市场化规则的引入尽管强化了外部约束，但股权分置制度的存在一度使再融资监管陷入困境。当股权分置改革初步完成后，危机驱动的信贷扩张迫使监管当局重新设计再融资监管架构，在净资产收益率要求基础上引入了现金股利分配要求。中国现行再融资规则带有明显的过渡性，应在未来重新定位。     

中小企业商业模式创新的现实意义与实现途径

商业模式创新是中小企业转型升级的有效途径。商业模式诠释了公司价值的来源,是企业的主动选择,具有系统性、逻辑性、具体性、形象性和创新性等特色。中小企业商业模式以完善型和改变型为主,通过可分收入式模式、专业化模式、协作式模式创新以及有机融合,实现重新定义客户、重新定义服务、重新定义沟通、重新定义供应链构架等模式创新。商业模式创新的成功取决于创新途径的正确选择。要坚持能使企业发挥自身优势的细分市场来进行专业化经营,促进企业持久发展;培育中小企业商业模式创新的动力机制,营造良好的外部环境;促进中小企业电子商务向国际化、专业化与纵深化方向发展。     

Redesigning nursing work in long-term care environments

The authors present a highly statistically oriented argument for examining work attitudes and activities among three groups of caregivers [RNs, RPNs, and HCAs] working in long-term care. The investigators used both work sampling, written surveys, and interviews with a sample of 46 caregivers in a large university-affiliated LTC facility in Toronto, Canada. While RNs stated their strong affinity for direct patient care activities, they perform the lowest percentage of direct care, chiefly due to their accountability for planning and coordinating the care provided by others. The HCAs who provided the bulk of direct patient care "valued it the least," apparently finding little gratification with this aspect of their role. This study suggests that there is a need to examine and clarify work roles and perceptions for all caregivers as part of any work redesign process. A higher level of RN involvement in direct patient care activities, along with "attention to enhancing the importance" of these activities for staff employed in the HCA role, could be beneficial.