共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 78 毫秒
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一、实施背景及概况新的《国家玩具安全技术规范》强制性标准(以下称新国标)于10月1日正式实施。其主要特征首先是玩具标识有了严格要求,特别是安全标识,更加关注玩具潜在的危险性;其次, 是强调玩具须划分年龄等级;再次,要求在我国市场上所有的玩具都必须符合要求,包括试用品和赠品玩具;另外,对重金属和卫生指标做出严格规定,最后,对于玩具测试也有明确的规定。 相似文献
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澳大利亚ACCC透漏,澳大利亚境内将禁止销售直径过小的婴幼儿玩具。ACCC指出,根据澳大利亚玩具安全标准的规定,提供给3岁及3岁以下儿童的可活动的玩具和小球,其直径必须大于45mm;否则将会因违反强制性产品安全标 相似文献
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Through a case study of a large industrial company ( TRW ) , this paper examines the history and functioning of independent local unions ( ILUs ). TRW's ILU plant wages were about the same as those at affiliated union plants and higher than those at nonunion plants. The premium explains why TRW and other companies discarded ILUs in favor of a "new" nonunion model. Yet ILUs can remedy some of the defects in that model and thus belong on the policy and research agenda 相似文献
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Eduardo Engel Ronald Fischer Alexander Galetovic 《Review of Industrial Organization》2006,29(1-2):27-53
We review the experience of both private toll-roads built in the United States during the 1990s, and argue that the problems they encountered could have been avoided if the length of the franchise contract would adapt to demand realizations. We also argue in favor of adjudicating private toll-roads via BOT-type contracts in competitive (Demsetz) auctions. The lessons of this paper are relevant since growing congestion and troubled government finances have made private toll-roads increasingly attractive in the United States. 相似文献
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MATTHEW J. SLAUGHTER 《劳资关系》2007,46(2):329-346
For decades, the private‐sector unionization rate in the United States has been falling. At the same time, the integration of the United States into the world economy has been rising. Many anecdotes suggest the latter has played a role in that decline, with unions feeling pressured to reduce employment and/or compensation demands in the face of rising cross‐border activity of employers. To investigate this possibility econometrically, in this paper I assembled a panel of U.S. manufacturing industries that matches union‐coverage rates with measures of global engagement such as exports, imports, tariffs, transportation costs, and foreign direct investment. The main finding is a statistically and economically significant correlation between falling union coverage and greater numbers of inward FDI transactions. Possible interpretations of this finding are then discussed. Because U.S. affiliates of foreign multinationals have higher unionization rates than U.S.‐based firms do, this correlation does not reflect just a compositional shift toward these affiliates. Instead, it may reflect pressure of international capital mobility on U.S.‐based companies, consistent with research on how rising capital mobility raises labor‐demand elasticities and alters bargaining power. 相似文献
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Sanford M. Jacoby 《英国劳资关系杂志》2005,43(4):617-634
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Arthur F. Burk 《Process Safety Progress》1990,9(4):254-258
Prevention of chemical incidents is an important issue in the chemical petroleum industries. This issue is receiving focus and attention from a wide spectrum—Industry, Labor, Professional Associations, Environmental Groups Government and the Public. The purpose of this paper is to review the various regulatory initiatives and related activities regarding chemical process safety. 相似文献
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对美国天然气法律与政策的思索 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
美国天然气工业历经了百余年的历史,政府在天然气的不同发展时期制定了不同的法律与政策。1938年颁布了《天然气法》,主要是加强政府对自然垄断的管道运输行业的监管;1954年制定的菲利普斯决议和1978年出台的《天然气政策法》虽然在天然气定价方面显得背道而驰,但都是为了解决当时的问题;1985年颁布的FERC456号法令与l992年颁布的FERC656号法令为天然气行业引入竞争、规范行业行为做出了重要贡献。美国天然气法律与政策的演进对中国的天然气行业具有借鉴意义和参考价值。目前,中国天然气行业的发展还处于初级阶段,应结合我国的具体情况,借鉴美国的成功经验和失败教训,逐步建立和完善我国的天然气立法与政策,促进天然气行业健康有序的发展。 相似文献
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加拿大与美国的能源监管及其对我国的启示 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:6
加拿大与美国经过长期不断的调整和改革,形成了一整套完整、科学的能源管理体制框架。两国政府都分别设立了能源主管部门和能源监管机构,实行分级监管相互协调的监管方式,并建立了完整的监管法律体系。能源主管部门负责能源大政方针及相关的政策研究;监管机构负责监管政策的制定和执行,独立于政府并具有司法审判功能,有效地保证政府的能源政策的落实;按现代监管模式制定的法律法规大大减少了行政管理的不确定性、管理人员实话监管的随意性以及处于自然垄断领域的企业滥用市场优势地位的可能性,增加了投资者、经营者和消费者三方的信心。我国亟待加强能源管理,为此建议:恢复国家能源委员会;在国家能源委员会下设国家能源监管委员会,并通过立法法规定其具有在国家能源领域独立监管的权力;尽快启动监管法律法规的制定和完善工作;从天然气行业下游领域先行启动监管;在过渡期成立天然气下游领域的临时监管机构负责过渡期的监管工作。 相似文献
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Examining whether Japanese enterprise unions have a negative effect on employee job attitudes or whether they forge a stronger bond between the worker and the firm, our results indicate that union membership has no effect on Japanese employees' job satisfaction, but that there is some negative impact on company commitment. Much of the union effect on U.S. workers' job attitudes stems from lower job complexity, work autonomy, perceived promotion chances, and quality circle membership. 相似文献