试分析上市公司企业合并报表会计问题

对上市公司企业来说,企业的报表具有重要的作用,能够为企业的直接利益者提供公司的财务信息,从而在一定程度上保证上市公司健康平稳的发展.因此,上市公司企业的合并报表就显得极其重要,合并报表所反映的信息不允许出现错误.但是,在实际的财务管理过程中,上市公司企业在合并报表的处理上还是存在一些问题,需要进一步完善,才能够更好的发挥出报表的作用.因此,本文简要论述了上市公司企业合并的会计方法,分析了其合并报表中存在的问题,并进一步提出解决的建议,希望能够给相关工作者提供一些建议与思考.     

XBRL财务报告分类标准评价——基于财务报告分类与公司偏好的报告实务的匹配性研究

XBRL是网络财务报告向高级阶段发展的技术基础,可以改进信息的编报和使用。然而,XBRL财务报告生成和应用的一个关键问题是采用的财务报告分类与公司偏好的报告实务间能否很好的匹配,匹配性差将导致信息损失。本文仅针对财务报表附注项目,将12个行业117个上市公司2005年年报中披露的项目与上交所制定的《中国上市公司信息披露分类》标准中定义的相应标记匹配,发现二者间存在着较大的差异,并且行业间的差异不显著。我们认为XBRL网络财务报告目前还不适宜全面应用,当务之急是进一步修改完善分类标准。     

网络财务报告格式的国际趋同——XBRL介绍

可扩展商务报告语言（eXtensible Business Reporting Languange,XBRL）是针对企业财务报告而发展的标记语言，目前主要应用于财务信息、报表与资料的传输和分析等领域。     

XBRL在我国上市公司中应用的现状、问题及对策研究

目前在国际上最先进的网络报告模式就是XBRL财务报告模式。本文运用比较和归纳的方法分析XBRL技术具有的独特优势,通过研究XBRL网络财务报告在我国上市公司中应用的情况,发现XBRL在上市公司应用中出现的问题,并提出改善对策。     

XBRL环境下财务报告鉴证框架的建构——基于XBRL财务报告元素的角度

基于XBRL财务报告元素的角度,构建了由总体鉴证目标(XBRL财务报告真实恰当地反映了企业的经济事实或者纸质报告)、具体鉴证目标(XBRL财务报告的合规性和可靠性)和管理层认定组成的XBRL环境下财务报告的鉴证框架,并对XBRL财务报告进行了鉴证,发现在XBRL财务呈报中出现了违反基本元素标记的完整性和元素数据的金额准确性等的错报。在XBRL财务报告的推进过程中需要贯彻实施通用分类标准,加快制定行业扩展分类标准,并加强对XBRL财务报告质量的人工校验以及完善编制流程的内部控制等。     

SEC出台XBRL应用新规

近日,美国证券交易委员会（SEC）颁布了一项旨在管理上市公司“可扩展商业报告语言”（XBRL）的最终规定。此项最新的XBRL规定要求上市公司依据交互式数据格式来编制其财务报表,以便投资者能更加便捷地以电子表格或其他软件格式来下载这些报表。通过这项技术,财务分析人员能够更容易地比较不同企业及不同行业间的财务信息。SEC已于2008年12月批准通过了该规定。对于此项规定,SEC准备在三年内逐步实施。     

有关金融会计的风险识别与防范

金融会计风险主要是指因会计人员错报、漏报会计信息,使得会计信息失实导致信息使用者出现决策性错误,最终给信息使用者带来损失的风险。它的存在严重影响金融行业的健康发展。本文就如何识别和防范金融会计风险进行一些分析。     

有关金融会计的风险识别与防范

金融会计风险主要是指因会计人员错报、漏报会计信息,使得会计信息失实导致信息使用者出现决策性错误,最终给信息使用者带来损失的风险。它的存在严重影响金融行业的健康发展。本文就如何识别和防范金融会计风险进行一些分析。     

注册会计师审计失败的成因及规避

所谓审计失败,是指企业会计报表存在重大错报或漏报,而注册会计师发表了错误的审计意见.审计失败可能来自企业的错误与舞弊或经营失败,也可能来自注册会计师自身的工作过失或欺诈,或两者兼而有之. (一)审计失败成因之一:企业错误、舞弊、违法……     

审计工作中重要性的判断与运用

各国现有的审计重要性准则对重要性的定义大都沿用会计准则.国际会计准则委员会(IASC)对重要性的定义是:"如果信息的错报或漏报会影响使用者根据会计报表采取的经济决策,信息就具有重要性."美国财务会计准则委员会(FASB)对重要性的定义是:"一项会计信息的错报或漏报是重要的,指在特定环境下,一个理性的人依赖该信息所做的决策可能因为这一错报或漏报得以变化或修正."英国财务会计准则委员会(ASB)对重要性的定义是:"错报或漏报可能影响到会计报表使用者的决策即为重要性.重要性可能在整个会计报表范围内、单个会计报表或会计报表的单个项目中加以考虑."由此可以看出,各国对重要性的认识基本一致,即信息的错报或漏报会影响使用者的决策就是重要性.     

Does the XBRL Reporting Format Provide Incremental Information Value? A Study Using XBRL Disclosures During the Voluntary Filing Program

This study investigates whether the eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) reporting format provides incremental information value beyond the same 10K/10Q filings previously provided in HTML format. Using a sample from the XBRL Voluntary Filing Program, we document a significant increase in stock price variance on the day when voluntary XBRL reports are filed. We find market response is stronger when more content is filed on the same day. To evaluate relative information value, we decompose the quarterly return variance for three primary news announcements related to earnings including earnings announcement, HTML filing, and XBRL filing. We find XBRL filings have larger relative information value than HTML filings. Our results indicate that the XBRL reporting format provides incremental information content.     

The Israeli XBRL Adoption Experience

eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) is a language for the electronic communication of business and financial data which is revolutionizing business reporting around the world. It is a tool to bridge potential language barriers and unify financial reporting. This has appeal to foreign investors, among others, who can rely on information in XBRL‐tagged financial reports to make investment decisions without having to translate financial statements from local language. In 2008, Israel required most public companies to adopt International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) for financial reporting and to use XBRL‐tagged reporting format, as part of an aggressive effort to make its capital markets more transparent and attractive for foreign investors. In this paper, we study all Israeli public companies and analyze the accuracy and reliability of their XBRL‐tagged financial statements that are available on MAGNA, the Israel Securities Authority's electronic system. We describe the process by which the XBRL‐based data were collected and reported. We document, categorize, and analyze deficiencies in the XBRL‐tagged filings, and inconsistencies between them and the Hebrew‐based annual reports. We observe pervasive data entry errors resulting in inaccurate XBRL‐generated financial reports, which went undetected for over one year. Further, first year XBRL reporting (in conjunction with IFRS adoption) did not increase foreign investment in the Israeli capital markets. This analysis allows us to better understand the benefits and challenges of the adoption of XBRL.     

Impact of internal control quality on the information content of social responsibility reports: A study based on text similarity—Evidence from China

To date, the impact of internal control on text information social responsibility reports has been rarely explored. This study investigates the correlation between internal control and information content of social responsibility reports based on the similarity of text information of reports by listed enterprises in 2006–2017. Overall, high-quality internal control results in low text similarity of social responsibility and high information content of social responsibility reports. The internal control quality could enhance the information content of social responsibility reports by decreasing the enterprise’s agency costs. For large-scale corporations, non-state enterprises and those with intensive public attention, effective internal control can enhance the information content of social responsibility reports. The agency cost can exert a partial mediating effect for large-scale corporations and enterprises with intensive public attention and complete mediating effect for non-state enterprises. Moreover, this study extends the scope of internal control to the quantitative dimension of text information and has crucial implications for listed enterprises, investors, and governments regarding internal control and disclosure of social responsibility information.     

Issues with the communication and integrity of audit reports when financial reporting shifts to an information-centric paradigm

A core application of XBRL is to facilitate the flow of tagged financial statements and annual reports, from companies and other entities directly to the databases, web sites, and computers of regulators, stakeholders and other information consumers. Increasingly, XBRL provides the technological foundation for the communication of financial information where there is independent assurance. This XBRL-based assurance may be on the financial statements (i.e., an electronically consumable form of today's standard PDF or HTML audit report) or focus on the quality of the XBRL exhibit (i.e., the instance document). Regardless of the type of XBRL assurance report, maintenance of the security and integrity of the instance document is paramount. This conceptual paper identifies and discusses the communication, security challenges and relevant research issues when there is independent assurance on financial statements formatted in XBRL. Successful electronic communication of assurance to information consumers should clearly distinguish the responsibilities of management (i.e., the financial statements) and the auditor (i.e., the audit report). It is important to have an integrated approach where the assurance report, financial statements and other reports in which facts in the financial statements are incorporated are inextricably tied at the level of automated data consumption. Further, as much as possible, human interaction should be accommodated. The paper sets out a range of alternatives for maintenance of security on the assurance report.     

IFRS Taxonomy and financial reporting practices: The case of Italian listed companies

XBRL taxonomies have a crucial role in digital financial reporting. On the one hand, they provide a unique set of computer-readable tags to allow the interchange of interactive information. On the other hand, a systematic, agreed-upon convention for naming each taxonomy tag is needed. In this context, the IFRS Foundation is playing a relevant role in developing well-structured taxonomies, which could simultaneously favor both the interoperability and the homogenization of the firms' financial information at the global level. Due to its importance, XBRL is being applied in many countries, but according to different implementation schemas.In this study, we attempt to verify if the IFRS Taxonomy released by the IFRS Foundation adequately reflects the reporting practices of the Italian listed companies for which XBRL is not yet required. The results reveal a general discrepancy between the financial items disclosed by the companies and the taxonomy tags. Specifically, we noticed that the financial statements items are more disaggregated than the taxonomy tags and that this depends on the sector and the size of the companies. Unless the XBRL implementation system explicitly allows companies to use and disclose taxonomy extensions, a loss of detailed information occurs if the taxonomy is applied.     

Stakeholder engagement in internet financial reporting: The diffusion of XBRL in the UK

Internet financial reporting is now widespread with most medium and large companies in the developed world providing a wide variety of financial data online. However, much of this information mirrors the paper versions of financial reports, often with little attempt to enhance the decision usability of the data, providing a so called ‘first generation’ of online reporting (ICAEW, 2004). eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) has been designed to provide a ‘second generation’ of online reporting, specifically to enhance the usability of the data. Documents rendered in XBRL are digitally-enabled so that it is easier for stakeholders to extract information directly into spreadsheets, or any other XBRL-enabled analysis software, without the need to re-key data thus providing significant improvements in information flows and enhancing inter-company comparability.XBRL consortia have spent more than 15 years promulgating the use of this technology within the business and government communities. However, despite their efforts XBRL has not become widely diffused, there is little stakeholder engagement and very few organisations have voluntarily adopted XBRL in practice.The results of a questionnaire survey in the UK indicate that awareness of XBRL, and second generation reporting more generally, resides in key champions but there is little diffusion outside this narrow set of stakeholders. Regulatory engagement seems to be the only impetus for diffusion and better channels of communication within stakeholder networks, such as between regulators, preparers, users and the XBRL community are needed. This paper suggests that currently the supply-push for XBRL is failing to produce effective use of this technology in the UK. Greater regulatory commitment is now needed to create an impetus for XBRL such as creating tools and making publicly available, accessible, repositories of XBRL data. Unless this happens, diffusion will not occur, and the demand-pull which is now needed will vanish and XBRL will fade and die.     

Does the financial analysts' usage of non-financial information influence the analysts' forecast accuracy? Some evidence from the Belgian sell-side financial analyst

This paper examines whether the use of non-financial information by sell-side financial analysts influences the accuracy of analysts’ forecasts. The research findings, based on a survey of Belgian financial analysts, suggest that financial analysts who use more forward-looking information and more internal-structure information offer more accurate forecasts. Furthermore, the listed Belgian firms examined in this study have improved their non-financial information reporting over time. However, neither the frequency nor the quantity of non-financial information mentioned by financial analysts in their reports appears to have increased over time.     

CAP Forum on E‐Business: Assurance Reporting for XML‐Based Information Services: XARL (Extensible Assurance Reporting Language)*

Extensible business reporting language (XBRL) is an XML‐based method for financial reporting. XBRL was developed to provide users with an efficient and effective means of preparing and exchanging financial information over the Internet. However, like other unprotected data coded in XML, XBRL (document) files (henceforth “documents") are vulnerable to threats against their integrity. Anyone can easily create and manipulate an XBRL document without authorization. In addition, business and financial information in XBRL can be misinterpreted, or used without the organization's consent or knowledge. Extensible assurance reporting language (XARL) was developed by Boritz and No (2003) to enable assurance providers to report on the integrity of XBRL documents distributed over the Internet. Providing assurance on XBRL documents using XARL could help users and companies reduce the uncertainty about the integrity of those documents and provide users with trustworthy information that they could place warranted reliance upon. A limitation of the initial conception of XARL was its tight linkage with the XBRL document and the comparatively primitive approach to codifying the XARL taxonomy. In this paper, we have reconceptualized the idea of XARL as a stand‐alone service for providing assurance on potentially any XML‐based information being shared over the Internet. While our illustrative application in this paper continues to be XBRL‐coded financial information, the code that underlies this version of XARL is a significant revision of our earlier implementation of XARL, is compatible with the latest version of XBRL, and moves XARL into the Web services arena.     

高校基于XBRL技术会计信息化人才培养的必要性

由于XBRL技术的特性，自20世纪90年代以来，世界各国纷纷将XBRL技术应用到财务报告领域，实现了财务报告数据的标准化。2009年4月，我国财政部确立了以XBRL技术为先导的会计信息化目标，2010年10月，我国又发布了XBRL技术规范国家标准和基于会计准则的XBRL通用分类标准。但是在我国很少有高校将XBRL技术引入到会计信息化教学中，XBRL技术人才储备严重不足，这在一定程度上延滞了我国以XBRL技术为主导的会计信息化目标的实现。本文将对高校XBRL技术会计信息化人才培养必要性进行探讨。     

XBRL and open data for global financial ecosystems: A linked data approach

Information professionals performing business activity related investigative analysis must routinely associate data from a diverse range of Web based general-interest business and financial information sources. XBRL has become an integral part of the financial data landscape. At the same time, Open Data initiatives have contributed relevant financial, economic, and business data to the pool of publicly available information on the Web but the use of XBRL in combination with Open Data remains at an early state of realisation. In this paper we argue that Linked Data technology, created for Web scale information integration, can accommodate XBRL data and make it easier to combine it with open datasets. This can provide the foundations for a global data ecosystem of interlinked and interoperable financial and business information with the potential to leverage XBRL beyond its current regulatory and disclosure role. We outline the uses of Linked Data technologies to facilitate XBRL consumption in conjunction with non-XBRL Open Data, report on current activities and highlight remaining challenges in terms of information consolidation faced by both XBRL and Web technologies.