供应链分销系统成本最小化模型

研究由多个制造商、一个中间仓库和多个分销商组成的供应链分销系统,建立综合考虑库存成本、订货成本和运输成本的分销网络成本最小化模型,并在此基础上进行简单的实例分析。     

Evolution of the Government–Business Relationship and Economic Performance in the Former Soviet States – Order State, Rescue State, Punish State

The objective of this paper is to elucidate the relationship between the reform process and economic performance in the states of the former Soviet Union (FSU). There were two strategies used by the former Soviet states to cope with the collapse of the USSR. Some of the FSU countries, in an effort to overcome the institutional vacuum caused by the disintegration of the federal economy, centralized their government authority to manage industry. Others decentralized power in an attempt to regain economic independence for domestic enterprises. To evaluate the essential differences and progress gaps among transition strategies, FSU countries can be divided into three groups, which reflect variations in institutional control of the government-business relationships. The differences in economic performance in FSU countries can be explained to some extent by examining the diversity of institutional patterns that characterize each category. The results of various empirical analyses positively support the validity of such an analytical framework. In this sense, this paper presents a new viewpoint on the transition process in FSU countries that may complement that shown in existing literature.     

Index Based Regional Analysis: The Case of the Former Soviet Union and Russia

This paper presents a methodology for analysing inter-regional differences and identifying a suitable combination of policies for a set of regions. The methodology is based on the development of a composite index and is applied to compare (i) the members of the Former Soviet Union (FSU) and (ii) the regions of Russia. All variables considered and incorporated in the relevant index are (1) scaled from 0–100, so that the index is independent of units of measurement, and (2) weighted using survey results. According to the adapted regional development index Lithuania is on the top of the ranking followed by Latvia, Estonia, Ukraine, Belarus, Georgia, Russia, Armenia, Moldova, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. The FSU countries are positioned on a regional development index – per capita income mapping to investigate whether emphasis should be placed on regional, environmental or sustainable development policies. Finally, an index that incorporates various socioeconomic components is computed for the regions of Russia which are subsequently classified based on the value of this index. This classification shows that the regions with the best index values are in the Central–Southern part of the country (with the exception of Sackha Republic, which is in the West). The regions with the lower index values are in the Western part of the country and in parts of Central Russia (Mariel republic, Moldovia Republic, Perm region).     

A Springtime Journey to the Soviet Union: Postwar Planning and Policy Mobilities through the Iron Curtain

This article builds upon a relatively small but growing literature in geography, planning and cognate disciplines that seeks to understand the variegated geographies and histories of policy mobilities. The article uses a case study of an exchange trip between town planners in the Soviet Union and the UK between 1957 and 1958. It focuses on the experiences of the British planners in the Soviet Union and sets the tour within the wider context of a fluctuating and sometimes turbulent history of Anglo‐Soviet politics, travels and connections. In doing this, the article makes three arguments: first, there is much to be gained by bringing together the geography‐dominated policy mobilities literature with that on exchanges and visits by architects, engineers and planners. Secondly, the greater sensitivity to the histories of policy mobilities allows contemporary studies to be contextualized in the longer history of organized learning between different urban professions. Thirdly, despite the long history of policy mobilities, what differentiates the current era from previous eras is the prominent ‘knowledge intermediary’ roles now played by consultancies and think tanks. As the article will demonstrate, it was branches of government and professional bodies, rather than consultancies and think tanks, that tended to dominate such roles previously.     

Determinants of total factor productivity in former Soviet Union economies: A stochastic frontier approach

This paper investigates the process of GDP generation in former Soviet Union (FSU) economies to provide an understanding of the impact of technology channels on countries’ efficiency. We apply a stochastic frontier approach to 15 FSU economies over the period 1995–2008 and find that FDI and human capital improve countries’ technical efficiency. Furthermore, we show that these factors also have a positive impact on total factor productivity (TFP), which, in turn, improves real GDP growth. Hence, our results suggest that FSU countries should promote public policies that provide incentives to attract foreign investment and enhance domestic education in order to improve their economic growth. Additionally, our empirical evidence argues against the resource curse hypothesis. We also show, by computing efficiency change and technological change indices at the country level, that FSU economies benefit more from exploiting technological progress than from catching up to the best practice frontier.     

浅析家具生产企业物流成本管理

物流成本是指伴随着企业的物流活动而发生的各种费用。在全球经济一体化的环境下,物流已经渗透到企业生产经营过程的每个环节,文中对当前家具生产企业物流成本的构成及其存在的问题做了分析,并提出了相应的对策。     

Union organizing in Britain: a survey of policy and practice

Analysis of the reasons for trade union decline in developed economies has pointed to their failure to invest in effective methods of recruitment as a contributory factor. This article presents survey and case research to examine the extent to which union failure in recruitment and organizing has been rectified in the United Kingdom. The evidence indicates a varied but nevertheless substantial re-direction of union effort towards recruitment since the mid-1990s and is used to identify the characteristics of 'recruiting unions' which have invested more heavily and adopted more ambitious recruitment targets. Recruiting unions are found to be those which are receptive to learning new approaches to recruitment from overseas and which have relatively advanced arrangements for the representation of women and minorities in their internal systems of government.     

生产型企业物流成本构成分析

分析了物流总成本的几种典型定义,根据生产型企业的特点,指出其物流成本由运输成本、存货持有成本、仓储成本、批量成本、缺货损失、订单处理及信息成本、逆向物流成本及其他管理费用构成,便于管理者针对这些成本领域存在的问题采取相应的措施。     

Nonparametric Dynamic Production Analysis and the Theory of Cost

While the dynamic theory of production provides little insight towards identifying a specific functional form for the firm's technology, dynamic production analysis has been explored traditionally in a parametric framework. A nonparametric dynamic dual cost approach to production analysis is developed in this article. Recovering technological information from intertemporal cost minimizing behavior is possible without imposing a parametric functional form on the firm's technology. Nonparametric tests to analyze the structure of a dynamic technology are presented from a dynamic cost minimizing perspective. The empirical implementation of these tests is illustrated for a balanced panel data set of Pennsylvania dairy operators during the time period 1986–1992.     

Factors of trade in Europe

We analyze how a set of determinants affect trade among European countries over the period 1992–2008. The factors encompass variables from the areas of geography, culture, institutions, infrastructure, and trade direction. Trade is analyzed for four types of goods: primary goods, parts and components, capital goods, and consumer goods. For each type of good we also distinguish its definition in terms of flows, intensive margin, and extensive margin. Methodologically, we first derive country-pair fixed effects over all possible pairs of export–import partners, and in the second stage we relate fixed effects with a set of influential factors. We show (i) the intuitive and varying effects of geographical, cultural, and institutional factors; (ii) the beneficial effects of soft and hard infrastructure; and (iii) the key importance of trade between old and new EU members.     

玻壳合格率及质量成本对策

本文从数理统计入手，给出了玻壳生产中更换产品前后合格率的关系公式，并和实际统计值进行了比较，有较好的符合，为科学量化分析提供了工具。并据此分析，不同尺寸的玻壳产品，当池炉系统的质量水平下降时，它们的合格率的差别也在扩大，并量可能会使得原先利润相对高的产品变得利润相对低。通过合理地计划产品品种的生产，可以获得更多的利润，降低单位成本。同时也阐明原有的新产品质量目标设定方法的不合理性，给出了质量目标设定的科学依据。     

采油厂成本预测研究

原油成本是反映石油企业管理水平的一个综合指标,采油厂作为油田企业的一个成本中心,需要在完成原油生产任务的同时不突破规定的成本指标。这就要求采油厂加强内部成本控制,降低采油厂成本,提高经济效益。首先采油厂成本构成以及成本预测方法,并将预测方法应用到某采油厂,并对预测方法进行了简单比较和优选。     

Durations in Panel Data Subject to Attrition: A Note on Estimation in the Case of a Stock Sample1

In the empirical analysis of unemployment durations or job durations, it is generally assumed that the stochastic processes underlying labour market behaviour and the behaviour concerning participation in a panel survey are independent. As a consequence, spells that are incomplete due to attrition can be treated as spells that are subjected to independent right censoring. However, if the assumption of independence is violated, i.e. if for example the probability of dropping out of the panel is related to the rate at which a job is found, then attrition may have to be modelled and estimated jointly with the unemployment duration distribution to avoid biased estimates of the rate at which individuals become employed. A way to model the joint dependence is by means of stochastically related unobserved determinants. We discuss some properties of these kinds of models and state conditions needed to estimate such models in the case of stock sampled duration data.     

Cost and Production Duality: The Case of the Regulated Firm

This paper examines a generalization of cost-production duality for regulated firms. It derives an equivalency between the production function and conditional factor demands for the case where the firm's optimization problem is subject to a set of additional (regulatory) constraints. This procedure is extended to an optimization problem within a dynamic framework which leads to the recovery of the firm's technology.     

Efficiency measurement with multiple outputs and multiple inputs

This paper discusses modeling technical and allocative inefficiencies in both cost minimizing and profit maximizing frameworks with special emphasis on multiple inputs and multiple outputs. Both primal and dual models are considered for this purpose. In the primal approach we use a separable output and input function (the constant elasticity of transformation output function and Cobb-Douglas input function). The dual models assume translog cost or profit functions. Technical inefficiency is assumed to be random in the cross-sectional models, and fixed firm-specific parameter in the panel data models. Allocative inefficiencies are always treated as input-specific parameters. We derive exact relations linking technical inefficiency and allocative inefficiencies to cost and profit when the underlying technology is represented by a flexible functional form such as the translog. It is shown that appending a one-sided homoscedastic error term to model technical inefficiency, or neglecting technical inefficiency altogether in a translog profit tunciton results in model misspecification and inconsistent parameter estimates.     

现代企业降低生产成本的方法及途径

目前,最大限度降低企业成本、增加利润是企业努力追求的目标,也对企业的发展至关重要。降低企业生产成本的方法和途径很多,角度不同采用的方法也不同。从现代工业工程的角度,分析了企业如何降低生产成本的方法,主要从精益生产、学习曲线等方面对此进行了分析。     

提升生产企业物流成本管理水平的思路

在介绍生产企业物流成本构成的基础上,对我国目前生产企业物流成本管理存在的主要问题进行了阐述与分析,并针对生产企业在物流成本管理中存在的问题,提出了提升生产企业物流成本管理水平的几点建议。     

工程机械制造企业生产成本控制分析

针对工程机械企业粗放式生产管理容易带来极大的成本浪费问题,从"人、机、料、法、环"方面综合分析了工程机械企业生产成本的主要构成因素有:人工成本、设备成本、物料成本、工艺成本、环境成本。结合这些因素的特点,探讨了相应的控制措施,为如何降低制造成本提供了管理思路,以便生产管理人员能够有针对性的采取合理的生产成本管理方法,控制企业的生产成本,确保企业健康发展。     

生产型企业精益生产方式下的成本管理研究

成本管理是企业经营管理中重要的一环,只有建立了良好的成本管理制度,企业才能在不断创新的基础上,保持成本的竞争优势。精益成本管理理念作为一种先进的成本管理理念,可以作为企业实施低成本战略的核心思想。本文从精益成本管理理论出发,通过对现有精益生产方式下的成本管理存在的问题进行分析,提出了完善精益成本管理的建议,为中国生产型企业的经营管理提供一个改进成本的方法,为中国生产业的发展做一点有意义的工作。     

物流成本占GDP比重中的产业结构因素

近几年物流业的发展备受关注，我们经常看到这样的报道：我国物流成本占GDP比重高达16．7％甚至。而美国只10％左右，于是就会直观地说中国远远落后于发达国家，物流成本管理水平与发选国家有较大差距。无可否认，中国物流成本管理水平确实根落后．但是直接比较两个国家的物流成本占GDP的比重能否反映出这两个国家物流成本的真实差距。本文作者认为，物流成本占GDP比重还受产业结构的影响，即当两个国家产业结构有较大差异时．即使这两国物流成本管理水平属同一水平，物流成本占GDP的比重也会有较大的差别．所以比较前提应是两国产业结构相似。而产业结构有较大差异的两国．用另外一个指标更合理——产业产值——物流成本弹性，即比较相同产业中的物流成本占产业产值的比重。