Adjustment of Input–Output Tables from Two Initial Matrices

The compilation of the information required to construct survey-based input–output (I–O) tables consumes resources and time to statistical agencies. Consequently, a number of non-survey techniques have been developed in the last decades to estimate I–O tables. These techniques usually depart from observable information on the row and column margins, and then the cells of the matrix are adjusted using as a priori information a matrix from a past period (updating) or an I–O table from the same time period (regionalization). This paper proposes the use of a composite cross-entropy approach that allows for introducing both types of a priori information. The suggested methodology is suitable to be applied only to matrices with semi-positive interior cells and margins. Numerical simulations and an empirical application are carried out, where an I–O table for the Euro Area is estimated with this method and the result is compared with the traditional projection techniques.     

Updating Input–Output Tables with Benchmark Table Series

Numerous methods have been proposed to update input–output (I–O) tables. They rely on the assumption that the economic structure will not change significantly during the interpolation period. However, this assumption may not always hold, particularly for countries experiencing rapid development. This study attempts to combine forecasting with a matrix transformation technique (MTT) to provide a new perspective on updating I–O tables. Under the assumption that changes in the trend of an economic structure are statistically significant, the method extrapolates I–O tables by combining time series models with an MTT and proceeds with only the total value added during the target years. A simulation study and empirical analysis are conducted to compare the forecasting performance of the MTT to the Generalized RAS (GRAS) and Kuroda methods. The results show that the comprehensive performance of the MTT is better than the performance of the GRAS and Kuroda methods, as measured by the Standardized Total Percentage Error, Theil's U and Mean Absolute Percentage Error indices.     

Using Weighted Least Squares to Deflate Input–Output Tables

This article proposes a balancing procedure for the deflation of input–output (I-O) tables from the viewpoint of users. This is a ‘subjective’ variant of the Weighted Least Squares (WLS) method, already known in the literature. It is argued that it is more flexible than other methods, and it is shown that SWLS subsumes the first-order approximation of RAS as a special case. Flexibility is due to the facts that (a) users can attach differential ‘reliability’ weights to first (unbalanced) estimates, depending on the confidence they have in the different parts of their pre-balancing work, (b) differently from RAS, one is not bound to take any row or column total as exogenously given, and (c) additional constraints can be added to it. The article describes also how SWLS was utilised to estimate a yearly (1959–2000) series of constant-price I-O tables for the Italian economy.     

Additivity of Deflated Input–Output Tables in National Accounts

Input–output tables deflated by chained prices indices are not additive over product rows. This paper discusses the reasons and suggests a remedy. The new method proposed is based on a distinction, in concept, between ‘real value’, on the one hand, and variation in ‘volume’, on the other. The first corrects for the monetary variation of the unit of account resulting from inflation, while the latter isolates the variation of one product price relative to the other products, caused by the forces of supply and demand on each individual commodity market. An example of the resulting growth analysis is compiled for the Dutch economy between years 1990 and 2000.     

Completing Input–Output Tables using Partial Information,with an Application to Canadian Data

This paper develops a three-stage extension of the standard biproportional RAS algorithm-an extension that we label TRAS-to incorporate information in addition to row and column margins. The TRAS algorithm is tested using pseudo-censored input–output tables and is shown to produce more accurate estimates than does the RAS algorithm.     

How Japan–US Economic Interdependence Changed from 1985 to 1990: Some Findings from Price-adjusted MITI Intercountry Input–Output Tables

This paper consists of two parts. First, constant-price Japan–US intercountry input–output (IO) tables are compiled, based on Japan–US IO tables of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) for 1985 and 1990, and the relative producer prices of both countries, which are estimated by the ‘peeling off’ method from OECD purchasing power parity data. Second, a factor decomposition analysis is carried out to show changes in Japan–US economic interdependence between 1985 and 1990. The Leontief inverse matrices of intercountry IO tables are decomposed into three matrices, which reflect domestic repercussion effects, spillover effects to the other country and feedback effects of own final demand from the other country. Then, a traditional decomposition analysis of changes in production for both countries is applied to see how both countries' economic interdependence changed. It is found that Japan–US economic interdependence moved from a pattern of Japan's dependence on the US to an almost equally interdependent pattern, although the degree of dependence was still higher in Japan in 1990. At the same time, there are significant industrial structural changes in the relationship between both countries, as a result of the significant appreciation of the yen relative to the dollar from 1985 to 1990.     

Beyond Intermediates: The Role of Consumption and Commuting in the Construction of Local Input–Output Tables

Estimating intermediate trade using conventional non-survey methods produces biased results. This problem has led to a methodological recommendation that emphasizes the accurate estimation of intermediate trade flows. This paper argues for a qualification of the consensus view: when simulating input–output (IO) tables, analysts need also to consider spillover effects driven by wage and consumption flows. In particular, for metropolitan economies, capturing wage and consumption flows is essential to obtain accurate Type II multipliers. This is demonstrated by constructing an interregional IO table that captures the interdependence between a city and its commuter belt, nested within the wider regional economy.     

Updating an Input–Output Matrix with Sign-preservation: Some Improved Objective Functions and their Solutions

This paper presents an easy-to-use method for updating input–output (IO) matrices with sign-preservation by combining Lagrangian multipliers and penalty functions. Biproportional methods such as the representative RAS are very simple and popular because a target matrix can be obtained simply by iterative computation. However, they cannot reasonably deal with matrices that include negative entries. Although a generalized version, GRAS, can do so, its objective function is questionable. In contrast, some non-biproportional methods such as those that take weighted or unweighted squared differences between the target and original matrix as objective functions can deal with negative entries, but it is difficult to guarantee the signs of entries. In this study, GRAS and some conventional objective functions were improved and their solutions for preserving the signs of entries are presented. Comparisons of applying these objective functions to a simple example show that both the Improved Normalized Squared Differences (INSD) function and the Improved GRAS (IGRAS) function yield a good target matrix and are close to each other; we suggest that INSD or IGRAS be used for updating IO transaction matrices in practice.     

Agglomeration and Trade with Input–Output Linkages and Capital Mobility

Abstract

This paper proposes a nesting ‘New Trade, New Economic Geography’ model in which agglomeration is driven by input–output linkages among firms, trade in goods and capital mobility. The New Economic Geography sub-model exhibits the same positive and dynamic properties as a wide class of models based on other agglomeration mechanisms. Its normative implications are nuanced: equity and efficiency do not necessarily conflict. When input–output linkages are strong, agglomeration might Pareto-dominate dispersion because agglomeration lowers producer prices. When vertical linkages are weak, the market is biased in favour of agglomeration if the planer has a strong aversion to inequalities.

RÉSUMÉ

Accumulation et commerce avec intégration amont-aval et mobilité du capital.

Cet article décrit un modèle, qui a donné naissance au modèle commercial de Flam et Helpman (1987), et de Martin et Rogers (1995) et à un modèle original à la Krugman « Nouvelle Géographie Economique » (1991). L'accumulation se produit par l'intégration amont-aval des sociétés entre elles et par la mobilité du capital. L'auteur étudie les conséquences positives puis normatives du modèle. Dans le domaine des conséquences positives, le modèle NGE montre les mêmes propriétés dynamiques que les autres modèles fondés sur d'autres mécanismes d'accumulation (migration du travail, accumulation de capital humain). Donc, ce modèle est bien adapté pour étudier les questions de localisation des industries, du commerce des biens et de la mobilité du capital. En ce qui concerne les conséquences normatives, lorsque l'intégration amont- aval est forte, l'accumulation peut l'emporter sur la dispersion de Pareto, parce que l'accumulation conduit à une diminution des prix du producteur: l'efficacité et la valeur n'entrent pas forcément en conflit dans ce modèle. Quand l'intégration verticale est faible, le marché est orienté en faveur de l'accumulation si le décideur montre une grande aversion aux inégalités.

RESUMEN

Aglomeración y comercio con enlaces de entrada–salida y movilidad de capital

En este artículo expongo un modelo que atrapa el modelo comercial de Flam y Helpman (1987), de Martin y Rogers (1995) y de un modelo original según la teoría la ‘Nueva Geografía Económica’ de Krugman (1991). La aglomeración está impulsada por enlaces de entrada–salida entre las sociedades y por la movilidad de capital. Aquí analizo las implicaciones positivas y normativas del modelo. En términos de implicaciones positivas, el modelo NEG expone las mismas propiedades dinámicas como una amplia clase de modelos basados en otros mecanismos de aglomeración (migración laboral, acumulación de capital humano). De este modo, el modelo encaja bien para estudiar cuestiones en cuanto a la ubicación de la industria, el comercio de mercancías y la movilidad de capital. Con respecto a las implicaciones normativas, cuando son sólidos los enlaces de entrada–salida, la aglomeración podría dominar la dispersión en el diagrama de Pareto debido a que la aglomeración hace disminuir los precios de los productores: en este modelo la eficiencia y la equidad no necesariamente están en conflicto. Cuando los enlaces verticales son débiles, el mercado es sesgado a favor de la aglomeración si el planificador tiene una fuerte aversión a las desigualdades.     

The RAS Approach in Updating Input–Output Matrices: An Instrumental Variable Interpretation and Analysis of Structural Change

The main purposes of the paper are to reconsider the rationale of the RAS method, and to attempt to improve on its interpretation and usefulness. The substitution and fabrication factors in the RAS method are interpreted as statistical estimates obtained by the method of instrumental variables. This enables the computation of asymptotic standard errors for the factors and the relative precision of the predicted technical coefficients. Furthermore, an adjustment cost minimization model to describe how a sector determines its substitution and fabrication factors is presented. The solutions of the model provide another rationale for the RAS method, and the associated Lagrangian multipliers can be useful for assessing structural constraints and structural change.     

Environmental Accounting of Eco-innovations through Environmental Input–Output Analysis: The Case of Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Buses

The introduction of environmentally friendly innovations in both transport and energy sectors are included in the list of priorities of the European Union political agenda. This paper investigates the environmental consequences of the introduction of hydrogen and fuel cells technology in the European economic system by applying environmental input–output analysis and life cycle assessment tools. Hydrogen is produced through the reforming of natural gas and it is employed in fuel cells buses that offer transport services to final consumers. We have built three scenarios based on different assumptions on the final demand. We have shown the results for three impact categories: global warming, photochemical oxidation and acidification. The results suggest that the use of hydrogen in fuel cells buses is only environmentally desirable if accompanied either by the employment of renewable sources or by carbon dioxide capture, or both.     

The First Two Eigenvalues of Large Random Matrices and Brody's Hypothesis on the Stability of Large Input–Output Systems

Bródy (1997) notices that for large random Leontief matrices, namely non-negative square matrices with all entries i.i.d., the ratio between the subdominant eigenvalue (in modulus) and the dominant eigenvalue declines generically to zero at a speed of the square root of the size of the matrix as the matrix size goes to infinity. Since then, several studies have been published in this journal in attempting to rigorously verify Bródy's conjecture. This short article, drawing upon some theorems obtained in recent years in the literature on empirical spectral distribution of random matrices, offers a short proof of Bródy's conjecture, and discusses briefly some related issues.     

Assessing the Behaviour of Non-Survey Methods for Constructing Regional Input–Output Tables through a Monte Carlo Simulation

The paper aims to analyse the behaviour of a battery of non-survey techniques of constructing regional I-O tables in estimating impact. For this aim, a Monte Carlo simulation, based on the generation of ‘true’ multiregional I-O tables, was carried out. By aggregating multi-regional I-O tables, national I-O tables were obtained. From the latter, indirect regional tables were derived through the application of various regionalisation methods and the relevant multipliers were compared with the ‘true’ multipliers using a set of statistics. Three aspects of the behaviour of the methods have been analysed: performances to reproduce ‘true’ multipliers, variability of simulation error and direction of bias. The results have demonstrated that the Flegg et al. Location Quotient (FLQ) and its augmented version (AFLQ) represent an effective improvement of conventional techniques based on the use of location quotients in both reproducing ‘true’ multipliers and generating more stable simulation errors. In addition, the results have confirmed the existence of a tendency of the methods to over/underestimate impact. In the cases of the FLQ and the AFLQ, this tendency depends on the value of the parameter δ.     

Qualitative Input–Output Analysis of the Indian Economic Structure

Qualitative input–output (IO) analysis can be considered mostly in terms of a graph-theoretic formulation, which involves the construction and use of an adjacency matrix, derived from a binary transformation of the IO coefficient matrix. Classical attempts at qualitative IO analysis have derived the structure from the direct IO coefficient table. In more recent attempts, greater sophistication has been achieved by incorporating a degree of quantification into the qualitative analysis. Also, the concept of important coefficients (IC) has been used for the construction of the adjacency matrix. The present study is carried out along these lines for the Indian economy.     

Restricting Multiple-Output Multiple-Input DEA Models by Disaggregating the Output–Input Vector

One of the strengths of DEA in the measurement of technical efficiency is that it readily accommodates multiple-output multiple-input production technologies. In doing so, it assumes that each of the inputs is used jointly in the production of each output. In some applied studies, this can be undesirable. We propose a new disaggregated formulation that allows a specific output to be made independent of a specific input, while maintaining the joint production relationship for the other outputs and inputs. We demonstrate the approach by applying it to measure the technical efficiency of national rail systems in 20 countries between 1990 and 1998.JEL Classification: C6, D24, N7     

An Aggregated Regional Economic Input–Output Analysis within a Fuzzy Environment

Abstract

Imprecision within economic input–output frameworks can be a problem, particularly when investigating the characteristics of defined industry sectors. This study undertakes an aggregated regional economic input–output analysis, within a fuzzy environment. The dearth of studies encompassing a fuzzy approach within input–output analysis largely concerns the problematic representation of imprecision. Results pertaining to the fuzzy output multipliers associated with each sector group are described, including possibilistic mean and variance; also identified is a specific ranking of the sector groups. Where appropriate, results are compared with those from a Monte Carlo simulation based stochastic analysis.     

Relationships of Corporate Social Responsibility （CSR） With Accounting Information Systems A Study

The objectives of the present study are to put forth the concept of corporate social responsibility （CSR） in Turkey （Kayseri） and to examine research on this concept and the relationships between CSR and accounting information systems. Research data were gathered from 100 accounting managers who work in businesses with 250 or more employees in Kayseri. The dimensions of CSR were considered as business policies, environmental policies, market policies, and social policies, and the effects of these factors on accounting information systems were tested. Market policies and social policies dimensions of CSR had no significant impact on accounting information systems. Business policies and environmental policies dimensions of CSR had significant impacts on accounting information systems. Two basic conclusions were drawn from the current study： The business policy dimension of CSR had significant impacts on accounting information systems; the business policy and environmental policy dimensions of CSR together had significant impacts on accounting intbrmation systems.