旅行费用区间分析法与分区旅行费用法的比较及应用

我国很少有研究注重旅行费用法(Travel Cost Method,TCM)本身的改进,只有李巍和李文军提出了旅行费用区间分析法(Travel Cost Interval Analysis,TCIA),但其合理性有待进一步探讨.因此,本文从积分的角度对TCIA与传统的分区旅行费用法(ZTCM)的数学本质进行了详细的对比分析.结果表明,TCIA体现了勒贝格(Lebesgue)积分的基本思想,与传统的反映黎曼(Riemann)积分思想的ZTCM相比具有一定的优越性;但如何突破样本空间的局限,是TCIA值得改进的一个方向.另外,本文还运用TCIA评估了武汉东湖风景区的游憩价值.     

自然保护区游憩价值评估的分组旅行费用区间分析法

旅行费用区间分析（Travel Cost Interval Analysis,简称TCIA）是对传统旅行费用法TCM改进的一种旅行费用分析方法。为将自然保护区游憩价值更加真实合理的量化评估,作者在TCIA方法基础上提出一种新的对游客样本进行分组的旅行费用区间分析的计算方法——分组TCIA方法。本文以乌梁素海国家级自然保护区为研究区,在野外调查基础上,对该保护区旅游者的社会特征进行了分析研究,并用分组T℃IA方法评估了该保护区2005年游憩价值为2604．71万元。     

国外有关旅游资源游憩价值评估的研究综述

旅游资源的游憩价值评估是近年来国外旅游资源学与旅游经济学研究领域的热点与难点议题.本文从研究的历史进程、主要研究方法、研究区域和研究内容4个方面,回顾和分析了国外有关旅游资源游憩价值评估的研究进展情况.在此基础上,总结了国外旅游资源游憩价值评估研究对我国此领域研究的启示.     

旅行费用法若干问题研究

20世纪90年代,环境学领域研究者开始使用旅行费用法研究生态保护区及世界遗产类旅游景点的价值。环境科学的研究背景使得目前已有的成果缺少对于旅游学范畴相关变量的考虑。文章基于旅游学科,对于旅行费用法使用过程中模型及函数形式的选择、旅行时间的价值度量、多目的地旅行、替代效应及拥挤效应等问题进行了综述和阐释,期待多学科的合作研究使未来的旅游景点价值评估更加客观。     

草原生态系统旅游价值的评估——以内蒙古自治区四子王旗为例

本文以内蒙古自治区四子王旗为例,利用环境与资源经济学中旅行费用法(TCM)研究草原旅游利用价值.得到四子王旗草原生态系统的旅游价值为6411.67万元人民币,是四子王旗草原旅游统计收入的12.47倍,说明草原旅游目的地蕴含着巨大的旅游价值.但是,这种价值的实现必须建立在草原旅游生态系统健康安全的基础上,需要旅游目的地选择合理的发展模式,保障生态系统安全.     

屈原故里景区旅游总经济价值评估研究

现有旅游价值研究中多用游憩价值或再加上非使用价值来代替旅游总经济价值,这种价值评估并不完整。文章借鉴环境经济价值评估的通用框架,基于对旅游价值构成的逻辑关系分析,旅游总经济价值应是由游憩价值、旅游品牌价值、旅游环境价值、生态服务价值、选择价值、遗产价值和存在价值7种基本价值类型构成的4级价值体系。根据屈原故里景区的特点,按照科学性、可操作性、可比性等原则优选确定各项旅游价值的评估方法：①游憩价值采用旅行费用区间分析法;②旅游品牌价值采用最大品牌权益法评估;③旅游环境价值采用费用支出法;④生态服务价值采用生态系统静态平衡模型;⑤选择价值、遗产价值和存在价值等旅游非使用价值采用条件价值法。实证研究结果为：屈原故里景区2010年的旅游总经济价值约为1．37亿元;其中,游憩价值为3171．39万元,旅游品牌价值为915．6万元,旅游环境价值为1445万元,生态服务价值为30．65万元,旅游总使用价值为5562．64万元;旅游非使用价值为8122．3万元。评估不仅反映了屈原故里的总经济价值,还揭示出旅游价值体系的多维构成关系。     

旅游学刊2006年（第21卷）第1-12期总目录

.第1期.主编常务副主编寄语赵鹏王慕曾赵克非刘德谦(5)中国旅游发展笔谈———旅游资源分类与评价问题(二)刘益黄向刘家明李红玉李舟夏赞才(8)旅游资源调查需要注意的若干问题尹泽生陈田牛亚菲李宝田(14)古村落综合价值的定量评价方法及实证研究———以大旗头古村为例汪清蓉李凡(19)城市老港区的游憩功能改造与文脉传承———以上海十六铺地区为例张(25)国外有关旅游资源游憩价值评估的研究综述张红霞苏勤王群(31)“文化边际域”中东西方旅游者行为比较研究梁雪松马耀峰李天顺(36)武汉市居民休闲方式选择倾向及特征研究金倩楼嘉军(40)旅…     

城市游憩导向的公园绿地深度开发——以上海市为例

公园绿地是一类重要的城市游憩资源,城市游憩对公园绿地开发有重要的导向作用.本文首先通过比较游憩和旅游在设施、目的地等方面选择上的差异,来说明城市游憩对于公园绿地功能开发的意义;其次通过分析政府导向型公园绿地开发存在的问题,引出城市游憩导向的概念;再次通过比较城市游憩导向的公园绿地开发与传统园林绿化的不同特点,构建城市游憩导向的概念框架;第四,通过对城市游憩导向概念框架中深度开发的内涵解析,探讨公园绿地发展的新方向;最后,以上海市为例,从综合开发、整体开发、开发内容的深化以及管理模式的更新等4个方面对城市游憩导向的公园绿地深度开发进行了实证研究.     

论景区游览费的减免和定价方法的简化

目前在我国国内旅游者消费总成本中,游览费所占比例过高.本文通过对游客消费能力与实际消费的比较以及对游览报价中的成本分析,指出游览费过高的矛盾根源在于收费中存有不舍理成分.由此提出旅游业销售的核心产品是服务而并非旅游资源的观点和减免游览费的主张,希望以此改变我国旅游业将游览费作为旅游创收支柱的局面.     

中国城市居民旅游需求函数的实证研究

旅游需求问题是旅游研究的核心问题之一,中国居民旅游需求函数是旅游需求问题研究的基础,旅行成本模型广泛地被用于估计居民旅游需求函数。文章基于停留时间内生的旅行成本模型,在考虑游客动态出游行为的情形下,使用中国39个城市2000~2007年间国内旅游抽样调查数据,采用广义矩估计方法对中国居民旅游需求函数进行了估计。研究表明,旅行成本、时间成本和居民收入是影响居民旅游需求的关键因素;旅游需求收入弹性的绝对值大于旅行成本弹性的绝对值,城市旅游产业发展的居民收入激励政策较之于成本竞争策略更有效;旅游需求的旅行成本弹性和时间成本弹性差异显著,减少旅行成本政策较之于缩短旅行时间政策更能提高城市的旅游收入;旅游需求和停留时间的影响因素存在异同,扩大旅游需求和延长停留时间的选择面临"两难",但也可"两顾"。     

Tourists’ travel time values using discrete choice models: the recreational value of the Teide National Park

Abstract

The value of travel time is one of the most important factors in recreation demand models. Traditionally, the most common approach for its calculation has been the use of different proportions of the wage rate; however, criticisms of this method abound because in a recreational trip the relevant measure is the opportunity cost of leisure time rather than work time. In this paper, we adopt a novel approach in the literature using discrete choice models based on short-term decisions and independent of the labor market. We obtain the value of travel time through the trade-off between time and money considered by the tourist visitors when choosing the transport mode and we present the first calculation of the recreational value of the Teide National Park. Specifically, using a Revealed Preference survey of 801 park visitors, we estimate Mixed Logit models accounting for random preference heterogeneity, derive travel time values and incorporate them into a Zonal Travel Cost Method. This approach allows us to estimate different time values depending on transport mode and stage of the trip and shows that the use of discrete choice models instead of the wage rate approach has a strong impact on the recreational value calculated.     

The lack of an expected relationship between travel cost and contingent value estimates of forest recreation value

Abstract

Using data obtained from visitors to forest campgrounds, travel cost models were developed. Bid functions and willingness‐to‐pay estimates of recreation value were derived from contingent value questions posed to campers. The willingness‐to‐pay responses were based on both photographic representations of forest scenes and on actual forest conditions at each campground. The photo‐based willingness‐to‐pay estimates were significantly correlated with scenic beauty rating estimates made for photo‐based scenes, but there was little correlation between these values and willingness‐to‐pay estimates for actual forest conditions, or estimates from travel cost models. Further, no correlation was found between travel cost estimates and contingent value estimates of the value of forest conditions on‐site. The findings raise questions about the validity and comparability of willingness‐to‐pay measures that are applied to particular types of forest recreation situations.     

The Recreational Value of Rohtas Fort,Pakistan

This study evaluates the use value of Rohtas Fort, in province Punjab (Pakistan). Employing the Individual Travel Cost Method, the study estimated the total annual consumer surplus as US$ 8.71 million and the total recreational value as US$ 11.70 million (which is 0.05% of total GDP of Pakistan in the year 2013). The major influencing factors of visitation frequency were observed as travel cost, household income, age, household size, education and sex. Visitors were highly satisfied from the museum as against the waste disposal services. Cleanliness is a major problem faced by visitors with the highest priority index value of 0.88. Based on high willingness to pay for the entrance fee, the authority can increase the entrance fee which will add to the revenue generation for the Fort and ultimately the authority would have resources for renovation/maintenance projects. The authority should arrange the appropriate waste disposal system for the Fort.     

Estimating the recreational value of Pakistan's largest freshwater lake to support sustainable tourism management using a travel cost model

Keenjhar Lake, Pakistan's largest freshwater lake and an important Ramsar site, provides habitat for internationally important water birds. Annually, 385,000 people visit the lake. The lake is threatened by a variety of causes, including industrial and agricultural pollution. To support its sustainable management and conservation, the lake's recreational value is estimated using an individual travel cost model. Randomly selected visitors are interviewed during peak season about their recreational travel behavior and perception of lake conditions. Key issues in travel cost modeling are addressed, including the opportunity cost of time, group travel, substitution and income effects, and endogenous stratification and truncation due to on-site sampling. Poisson and negative binomial regression models produce similar results. We find significant over-dispersion, and therefore, use the more conservative truncated negative binomial model results to estimate consumer surplus. The value of this assessment method for resource managers is illustrated by comparing the consumer surplus with existing pricing and budgeting mechanisms. The annual flow of benefits from lake recreation appears to be almost 50 times higher than the average entrance fee paid by the predominantly higher-income segments visiting the lake, suggesting scope for increasing fees and reallocating government budgets to finance the necessary lake protection measures.     

Use value of cultural experiences: A comparison of contingent valuation and travel cost

Few applications to assess the value of cultural experiences exist. This is particularly frustrating for cultural institutions, as it provides them with few opportunities to reveal their importance in terms of attractiveness and thus what drives tourism demand. This study applies the travel cost method (TCM) and contingent valuation method (CVM) to assess the value of two rural cultural institutions in order to compare the results of the valuation methods.The results reveal that visitor experiences consist of a core cultural experience as well as other valuable experiences before and after. Whereas CVM allows for a valuation of the core cultural experience separately from other experiences, the TCM is limited to an overall assessment. The TCM is therefore an inappropriate measure of the value of the cultural experiences when the total experience includes several other experiences.If visitors travel for the sake of only one cultural experience, TCM may be preferable due to its simple applicability and cost efficiency. If, however, as is most often the case, a cultural experience is part of a bundle of experiences, the application of CVM is recommendable. This is also the case, if only visitors who state the cultural experience to be the primary reason for travelling are included.     

An evaluation of recreational benefits and tribal tourism development for aboriginal villages after post-disaster reconstruction - a case study of Taiwan

This study investigates two sites suffering severe damage from typhoon Morakot. It utilizes the travel cost method to measure the average recreational benefits of compensation variation and equivalent variation per person, and it evaluates whether there are causal relationships among tourists’ recreational experiences, perceived values, and revisit intentions. The outcomes demonstrate that most tourists assign high recreational values to natural and socio-cultural resources. However, a further analysis of the tangible benefits indicates that the amount of income received remains low. Tourists have difficulties nurturing an immediate revisit intention here, even when they are satisfied with their experiences.     

Understanding the travel motivation and patterns of international students in Korea: using the theory of travel career pattern

This study examined the travel motivation of international students in Korea using the theory of travel career pattern (TCP). In particular, latent profile analysis (LPA) was applied to identify latent classes within international students. Based on the results, four latent profiles were derived and named “Core,” “Longing,” “Middle,” and “Veteran.” The results described the travel motivation and patterns across these four profiles to enhance the understanding of international students in the context of tourism. There were significant differences in travel patterns (i.e. travel companion and information sources) among the profiles segmented by motivation. This study has expanded travel motivation research by (a) applying TCP to an understudied population (i.e. international students in a non-English-speaking country); (b) comparing travel careers between the home country, Korea (i.e. a study abroad destination), and the third countries; and (c) highlighting LPA as a clustering tool to understand travel motivation.