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1.
Schumpeter formulated a ‘conduct model’ of entrepreneurial behaviour. Received wisdom has emphasised the economic functions
of Schumpeter’s entrepreneur, neglecting behavioural aspects. Schumpeter’s model is examined; it posits a continuum of behaviours
which are ‘entrepreneurial’, that rely on socially situated, tacit knowledge and are expressions of conscious, subjective
rationality. Schumpeter’s model excluded unconscious optimisation and decision rules derived from bounded rationality. Comparisons
are drawn with modern neoclassical, Austrian, and the older behavioural characterisations of entrepreneurial behaviour. The
newer ‘effectuation’ model of entrepreneurial behaviour is also contrasted with Schumpeter’s approach. We find, among other
things, that modern Schumpeterian economics associated with Nelson and Winter is not a natural continuation of Schumpeter’s
model. However, some developments in neo-Schumpeterian economics, including the effectuation model deriving from the older
behavioural tradition, are congruent with both the original ‘conduct model’ and Schumpeter’s directions for further research. 相似文献
2.
Michael H. Böheim 《Empirica》2011,38(3):315-330
The financial crisis brought great challenges also for competition policy. The aim of this paper is to summarize the most
important insights for competition policy that could be derived from the turbulent period 2008–2010. The financial crisis
is seen as project that demanded sound management from competition policy and enforcement. The insights will be presented
in the instructive form of ‘lessons learnt’ which represents a common approved project management technique. We come to the
result that the financial crisis is not the result of ‘too much competition’, but of regulatory failure and that the main
answers to the financial crisis have to come from ‘smart regulation’. The relaxation of competition policy would be the wrong
policy response in troubled times since competition policy can play an important role in bringing the crisis economy back
on track. In contrast to banking we see no economic rationale for rescue packages for other economic sectors by referring
to systemic risk. The renaissance of industrial policy is viewed with great skepticism since empirical evidence shows that
the effort of picking ‘winners’ all too often results in saving ‘losers’. 相似文献
3.
Robust political economy emphasizes the lack of benevolence and omniscience of would be reformers. In addition, we consider
the effects of biased decision-making for the robustness of the policy implications. This paper examines the robustness of
the policy implications of models based on coordination failures and poverty traps. In particular, we address the revival
in ‘big push’ type models and its policy implications. We argue that attempts to promote economic development through ‘big
push’ models lack robustness.
JEL Code O1, O20, P26, P41 相似文献
4.
Synopsis It has been difficult to make progress in the study of ethnicity and nationalism because of the multiple confusions of analytic
and lay terms, and the sheer lack of terminological standardization (often even within the same article). This makes a conceptual
cleaning-up unavoidable, and it is especially salutary to attempt it now that more economists are becoming interested in the
effects of identity on behavior, so that they may begin with the best conceptual tools possible. My approach to these questions
has been informed by anthropological and evolutionary-psychological questions. I will focus primarily on the terms ‘ethnic
group’, ‘nation’, and ‘nationalism’, and I will make the following points: (1) so-called ‘ethnic groups’ are collections of
people with a common cultural identity, plus an ideology of membership by descent and normative endogamy; (2) the ‘group’
in ‘ethnic group’ is a misleading misnomer—these are not ‘groups’ but categories, so I propose to call them ‘ethnies’; (3) ‘nationalism’ mostly refers to the recent ideology that ethnies—cultural communities
with a self-conscious ideology of self-sufficient reproduction—be made politically sovereign; (4) it is very confusing to
use ‘nationalism’ also to stand for ‘loyalty to a multi-ethnic state’ because this is the exact opposite; (5) a ‘nation’ truly
exists only in a politician’s imagination, so analysts should not pretend that establishing whether something ‘really’ is
or is not ‘a nation’ matters; (6) a big analytic cost is paid every time an ‘ethnie’ is called a ‘nation’ because this mobilizes
the intuition that nationalism is indispensable to ethnic organization (not true), which thereby confuses the very historical
process—namely, the recent historical emergence of nationalism—that must be explained; (7) another analytical cost is paid
when scholars pretend that ethnicity is a form of kinship—it is not. 相似文献
5.
Since white settlement of Australia in 1788, the Aboriginal community has remained a conspicuously disadvantaged minority
group. Decades of Federal and State government welfare policies have not prevented alcoholism, domestic violence and unemployment
from undermining life in Aboriginal communities. Radically different policies are now being trialled, in recognition that
a social emergency exists and in recognition that ‘money for nothing’ welfare handouts have not succeeded in developing human
capabilities in Aboriginal communities. Despite the 2008 ‘sorry day’ apology, emotional hurts still run deep, and perceived
injustices continue to impact upon the recognition of Aboriginal rights and the advancement of Aboriginal capabilities. 相似文献
6.
The process and a simple logic of ‘meso’. Emergence and the co-evolution of institutions and group size 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Wolfram Elsner 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2010,20(3):445-477
‘Summing-up’ aggregation of micro decisions contrasts with structural emergence in complex systems and evolutionary processes.
This paper deals with institutional emergence in the ‘evolution of cooperation’ framework and focuses on its size dimension.
It is argued that some ‘meso’ (rather than ‘macro’) level is the proper level of cultural emergence and reproduction. Also
Schumpeterian economists have discussed institutions as ‘meso’ phenomena recently, and Schelling, Axelrod, Arthur, Lindgren,
and others have dealt with ‘critical masses’ of coordinated agents and emergent segregations. However, emergent group size
has rarely been explicitly explored so far. In an evolutionary and game-theoretic frame, ‘meso’ is explained in terms of a
sustainably cooperating group smaller than the whole population. Mechanisms such as some monitoring, memory, reputation, and
active partner selection loosen the total connectivity of the static and deterministic ‘single-shot’ logic and thus allow
for emergent ‘meso’ platforms, while expectations ‘to meet again’ remain sufficiently high. Applications of ‘meso-nomia’ include
the deep structure of ‘general trust’ and macro-performance in ‘smaller’ and ‘well networked’ countries which helps to explain
persistent ‘varieties of capitalism’. 相似文献
7.
Shaun P. Hargreaves Heap 《The Review of Austrian Economics》2008,21(2-3):199-207
This paper argues that the social capital that comes from group identification has a mixture of effects on welfare. In this
sense, this form of social capital is neither snake oil nor elixir but something in between. Strong group distinction and
identification reduce the adverse impact that relative comparisons can have on happiness, and they probably help with existential
anxieties. However, strong groups in this sense can also plausibly heighten inter-group animosity to the detriment of all.
Whether they do, however, is likely to depend on the character of the beliefs that give identity to each group. The paper
further argues that an ‘open’ set of beliefs in the Austrian or Hayekian sense are the ones least likely to spawn such animosity.
In this way, the paper points public policy away from the encouragement to group formation to the character of the groups
that are formed.
相似文献
8.
Peter A. Corning 《Journal of Bioeconomics》2007,9(2):109-144
Synopsis Synergy – here defined as otherwise unattainable combined effects that are produced by two or more elements, parts or individuals
– has played a key causal role in the evolution of complexity, from the very origins of life to the evolution of humankind
and complex societies. This theory – known as the ‘Synergism Hypothesis’ – also applies to social behavior, including the
use of collective violence for various purposes: predation, defense against predators, the acquisition of needed resources
and the defense of these resources against other groups and species. Among other things, there have been (1) synergies of
scale, (2) cost and risk sharing, (3) a division of labor (or, better said, a ‘combination of labor’), (4) functional complementarities,
(5) information sharing and collective ‘intelligence’, and (6) tool and technology ‘symbioses’. Many examples can be seen
in the natural world – from predatory bacteria like Myxococcus xanthus to social insects like the predatory army ants and the colonial raiders Messor pergandei, mobbing birds like the common raven, cooperative pack-hunting mammals like wolves, wild dogs, hyenas and lions, coalitions
of mate-seeking and mate-guarding male dolphins, the well-armed troops of savanna baboons, and, closest to humans, the group-hunting,
group-raiding and even ‘warring’ communities of chimpanzees. Equally significant, there is reason to believe that various
forms of collective violence were of vital importance to our own ancestors’ transition, over several million years, from an
arboreal, frugivorous, mostly quadrupedal ape to a world-traveling, omnivorous, large-brained, tool-dependent, loquacious
biped. The thesis that warfare is not a recent ‘historical’ invention will be briefly reviewed in this paper. This does not
mean that humans are, after all, ‘killer apes’ with a reflexive blood-lust or an aggressive ‘drive’. The biological, psychological
and cultural underpinnings of collective violence are far more subtle and complex. Most important, the incidence of collective
violence – in nature and human societies alike – is greatly influenced by synergies of various kinds, which shape the ‘bioeconomic’
benefits, costs and risks. Synergy is a necessary (but not sufficient) causal agency. Though there are notable exceptions
(and some significant qualifiers), collective violence is, by and large, an evolved, synergy-driven instrumentality in humankind,
not a mindless instinct or a reproductive strategy run amok.
相似文献
9.
10.
This study measures the extent to which P2P file-sharing activities act as substitutes or complements to music purchases in
markets for CDs. The paper breaks with the mainstream economics approach which dominates the music file-sharing discussion.
Whereas such models assume relationships at the micro level (e.g. between file-sharing and purchases) based on observations made at the macro level,
our evolutionary economics approach measures the direct effects using micro data representative of the Canadian population. The behavioral incentives underpinning free music downloading,
novel to this paper, are the multiple effects of: ‘unwillingness to pay’ (market substitution), ‘hear before buying’ (market
creation), ‘not wanting to buy a whole album’ (market segmentation), and ‘not available in the CD format or on electronic
pay-sites’ (market creation). Although the two first mentioned incentives significantly influence CD album purchases—i.e.
there is a negative and significant market substitution effect and a positive and significant market creation effect—on the
whole, these two effects ‘cancel’ one another out, leading to no association between the number of P2P files downloaded and
CD album sales. 相似文献
11.
Pierre Desrochers 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2008,41(4):519-539
The idea that properly designed environmental regulations can improve a firm’s competitiveness while simultaneously contributing
to a cleaner environment through the development of so-called ‘win-win’ innovations (i.e., that reduce environmental damage
while simultaneously increasing profits) is usually credited to Porter (1991). Numerous studies have since attempted to assess
the validity of the concept, with mixed results. This paper contributes to this debate by surveying a nearly forgotten body
of literature written in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century that discussed the impact of market incentives on
the development of valuable by-products out of industrial waste. Based on the opinions held by several industrial chemists,
engineers, technical journalists and economists, the development of ‘win-win’ manufacturing practices seems to have been primarily
the result of the profit motive, although actual or potential legal actions based on private property rights and/or government
regulations occasionally triggered this process. After reviewing some important historical writings on the latter issue, a
suggestion is made that perhaps the best way to craft ‘well-designed’ environmental regulations is to return to a private
property rights approach to mitigating pollution problems whenever possible.
相似文献
12.
Price Premiums for Eco-friendly Commodities: Are ‘Green’ Markets the Best Way to Protect Endangered Ecosystems? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
‘Green’ markets represent a means through which public goods can be privately provided. A green product is an impure public
good consisting of a private good (e.g., rain forest honey) bundled with a jointly produced public good (e.g., biodiversity
protection). In the context of ecosystem protection, popular green commodities include eco-tourism excursions, coffee grown
under forest canopies (‘shade-grown’), tagua nuts for buttons and ornaments, rainforest nuts and oils for cosmetic products,
and rain forest honey. We examine the dynamic efficiency of eco-friendly price premiums in achieving ecosystem protection
and rural welfare goals by contrasting the use of price premiums to the use of payments that are tied directly to ecosystem
protection. We demonstrate analytically and empirically that direct payments are likely to be more efficient as a conservation
policy instrument. Depending on the available funds, the direct payments may be better or worse than green price premiums
in achieving rural welfare objectives. If direct payments are not feasible for social or political reasons, we demonstrate
analytically and empirically that the price premium approach is likely to be more effective at achieving conservation and
development objectives than the currently more popular policy of subsidizing capital acquisition in eco-friendly commercial
activities. 相似文献
13.
This article discusses the problem of “thought experiments” in Austrian economics and takes as a starting point Lawrence Moss’
argument on the divide between the older Austrian economists—for whom thought experiments were crucial—and the new generation
that, in Moss’ view, has “abandoned” such methods. The article is an attempt not only to bridge this alleged divide but also
to contribute to the development of the Austrian methodology. It is argued that what may be perceived as “abandonment” bolsters
rather than precludes the role of thought experiments in the Austrian paradigm. The article identifies an entire family of
comparative and counterfactual analysis research strategies available to the Austrians, all enjoying a solid epistemological
and methodological grounding. The “comparative-counterfactual analytics” pattern threads together the conjectural histories,
spontaneous orders and empirical case studies of the contemporary Austrians, with the classic tradition of older works. Consequently,
the recent evolution of Austrian scholarship should not be seen as an aberration or abandonment but as a deliberate, natural
and commendable development.
相似文献
Anthony J. EvansEmail: |
14.
Kurt Dopfer 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2012,22(1):133-160
The paper starts from Schumpeter’s proposition that entrepreneurs carry out innovations (the micro level), that swarms of
followers imitate them (meso) and that, as a consequence, ‘creative destruction’ leads to economic development ‘from within’
(macro). It is argued that Schumpeter’s approach can be developed into a new—more general—micro-meso-macro framework in economics. Center stage is meso. Its essential characteristic is bimodality, meaning that one idea (the generic rule) can be physically actualized by many
agents (a population). Ideas can relate to others, and, in this way, meso constitutes a structure component of a ‘deep’ invisible macro structure. Equally, the rule actualization process unfolds over time—modelled in the paper as
a meso trajectory with three phases of rule origination, selective adoption and retention—and here meso represents a process component of a visible ‘surface’ structure. The macro measure with a view to the appropriateness of meso components is generic correspondence.
At the level of ideas, its measure is order; at that of actual relative adoption frequencies, it is generic equilibrium. Economic
development occurs at the deep level as transition from one generic rule to another, inducing a change of order, and, at the
surface level, as the new rule is adopted, destroying an old equilibrium and establishing a new one. 相似文献
15.
Darwinism in economics: from analogy to ontology 总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19
Geoffrey M. Hodgson 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(3):259-281
Several social scientists, including ‘evolutionary economists’, have expressed scepticism of ‘biological analogies’ and rejected
the application of ‘Darwinism’ to socio-economic evolution. Among this group, some have argued that self-organisation is an
alternative to biological analogies or Darwinism. Others have seen ‘artificial selection’ as an alternative to natural selection
in the socio-economic sphere. Another objection is that Darwinism excludes human intentionality. It is shown that all these
objections to ‘biological analogies’ and ‘Darwinism’ are ungrounded. Furthermore, Darwinism includes a broad theoretical framework
for the analysis of the evolution of all open, complex systems, including socio-economic systems. Finally and crucially, Darwinism
also involves a basic philosophical commitment to detailed, cumulative, causal explanations. For these reasons, Darwinism
is fully relevant for economics and an adequate evolutionary economics must be Darwinian, at least in these fundamental senses.
However, this does not undermine the need for auxiliary theories and explanations in the economic domain. 相似文献
16.
Kenshi Itaoka Aya Saito Alan Krupnick Wiktor Adamowicz Taketoshi Taniguchi 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2006,33(3):371-398
The objective of this study is to estimate willingness to pay (WTP) for the reduction of mortality risks caused by fossil
fuel (natural gas, coal and oil) versus nuclear electric power generation systems and to examine the influence of risk characteristics
involved with electric power generation on WTP. A choice experiment was conducted to achieve these objectives. The attributes
for nuclear risks in the experiment included the probability of disasters and the expected losses if a disaster occurs. We
find evidence of (i) a baseline effect (where WTP is sensitive to hypothetical versus actual baseline expected mortality);
(ii) a ‘labeling effect,’ where, surprisingly, the term ‘nuclear’ has no effect on WTP, but the term ‘fossil-fueled power
generation’ results in lower WTP; and (iii) disaster aversion, meaning that people focus on the conditional loss from a nuclear
disaster, not the probability. We also find that the WTP for reducing deaths from a nuclear disaster is about 60 times the
WTP for routine reducing fossil-fuel generation-related deaths. 相似文献
17.
Mikael Sandberg 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2007,17(1):1-23
Fundamental correspondence and analogies between the evolution of technological and biological innovations call for an ‘innovation
Darwinian’, ‘universal Darwinian’ or ‘memetic’ approach to understanding technology innovation. Neo-institutional, in fact
pseudo-Lamarckian evolutionary economic theory, represented by North, Nelson and Winter, Freeman and others, is criticized.
Pseudo-Lamarckian (“by volition”) evolution is explained and analyzed on Darwinian grounds (as intentional and artificial
selection), as is Schumpeter’s definitions of creative and imitative innovation. Data from a web survey among Swedish public
and private organizations in 1999 are studied. Data show that Darwinian co-evolutionary interaction between producers and
users or clients provide essential conditions and stronger influence on creative IT innovations than both ‘Lamarckian’ strategies
and competition.
相似文献
Mikael SandbergEmail: |
18.
Hans Opschoor 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2010,45(1):3-23
Curbing global warming by setting long term maxima for temperature rise or concentrations of greenhouse gases defines spaces
within which further emissions of these gases are to remain (referred to here as ‘carbon spaces’). This paper addresses questions
related to how to share between countries the carbon space and/or efforts to stay within it, in the perspective of sustainable
development; different allocation mechanisms are reviewed, responding to criteria such as ‘responsibility’ for climate change,
‘capability’ to engage in abating it, and ‘potential’ or future contribution. The carbon space remaining at any time will
depend on effective mitigation up till that time, and will condense if more stringent maxima are to be set; per capita this
space becomes smaller with rising population. Sharing the carbon space in a fair way requires “convergence” of currently widely
unequal per capita emissions. If the world is to stay within the carbon space consistent with <2° warming, then developed
economies—the wealthiest sources of greenhouse gases should quickly and deeply engage in mitigation. Also, substantial mitigation
is to take place in developing countries and that this will require substantial support to developing countries (financially,
technologically). Changing development paths can make a major contribution to climate change mitigation; this requires changes
in investment, production and consumption patterns. Green New Deals as proposed in the context of a widened response to the
current economic crisis could become a first phase of a fundamental transition towards a decarbonised global economy worldwide.
Concerns to do with equity as well as sustainability must be incorporated and integrated into coherent transitory strategies. 相似文献
19.
Towards a Disequilibrium Theory of Endogenous Economic Growth 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Robert U. Ayres 《Environmental and Resource Economics》1998,11(3-4):289-300
This paper discusses the need for a new approach to economic growth theory. The standard theory of growth-in-equilibrium driven
by exogenous, uncaused, productivity gains has an implication that is both unjustified and perverse from a policy perspective:
that government intervention of any kind can only introduce constraints and reduce option space, thus decreasing potential
growth. It is argued that growth theory should (1) acknowledge the importance of natural resources, especially fossil fuels,
as a driver of past and present economic growth, (2) incorporate an explicit recognition that growth is a consequence of technological
innovation, especially radical innovation, that often responds to natural resource scarcities or other societal needs and
(3) explicitly reflect the fact that the important (i.e. scarce) factors of production in economics can and do change over
time, i.e. from a rural ‘cowboy’ economy of the past to an urbanized ‘spaceship’ economy of the future. In short, it should
reflect the fact that ‘necessity is the mother of invention’. The first and third of these modifications have been proposed
before, but not in combination. The third seems to be new. 相似文献
20.
Joseph T. Salerno 《The Review of Austrian Economics》2010,23(1):1-16
Carl Menger pioneered a unique theoretical research method which served as the foundation of the early Austrian school of
economics. Menger’s causal-realist analysis was revived and formalized just before and after World War 2 by Ludwig von Mises
as the “praxeological method.” Murray Rothbard, a student of von Mises’, utilized the method in formulating a comprehensive
system of economic theory in his treatise, Man Economy, and State published in the early 1960s. Rothbard’s treatise became the foundational work for the “Austrian revival” in the 1970s. In
this paper, we address several issues related to the role of Menger’s method in modern economics. First, ample evidence is
adduced that von Mises and Rothbard each expressed a surprising ambivalence with respect to his own work in relation to the
early Austrian school. Second, von Mises viewed Rothbard’s treatise as beginning a new epoch in economic theory. Third, contrary
to the conventional view, a careful analysis of his treatise shows that Rothbard drew heavily on the contemporary neoclassical
literature in developing his theoretical system and that his intent was never to set up a heterodox movement to challenge
mainstream economics. Rather, his main aim was to consistently apply the praxeological method to rescue economics from what
he considered the alien methodology of positivism, which was imported into economics after World War 2. Lastly, I will tentatively
suggest that the term “Austrian economics” as the designation for the intellectual movement that coalesced in the early 1970s
may now have outlived its usefulness. This term, which initially served an important strategic purpose in promoting the revival
of the broad Mengerian tradition, may have come to obscure the meaning and importance of the praxeological research paradigm
that Menger originated. 相似文献