Millennials,built form,and travel insights from a nationwide typology of U.S. neighborhoods

We examine the relationship between the built environment and the travel of Millennials in the United States. We develop a neighborhood typology to characterize the built environment and transportation networks in almost every U.S. census tract, allowing us to identify possible synergistic and/or threshold effects on travel. We measure travel behavior in two ways: (1) using a multi-faceted traveler typology created using latent class analysis, and (2) by measuring the vehicle miles of travel among people in each of these traveler types. This dual approach allows us to distinguish between the built environment changes needed to encourage travel by modes other than driving, and those needed to reduce vehicle miles traveled among drivers. Using a multinomial logistic regression, we find that travel patterns are relatively stable along much of the urban-rural continuum, everything else equal. Driving was substantially lower only in “Old Urban” neighborhoods, where densities, job access, and transit service are dramatically higher than in all other neighborhood types. This finding implies that dramatic changes in the built environment—doubling or even tripling development density or transit service—may do little to get young people out of their cars when initial densities or transit services are low, as they are in most of the U.S. Conversely, reducing vehicle miles traveled among drivers appears to require more modest built form changes, a finding that offers some room for optimism among those concerned with auto dependence.     

Occupancy,oil prices,and stock returns: Evidence from the U.S. airline industry

This paper examines whether occupancy of seats affects stock returns of airline companies and how this relationship is affected by WTI oil prices. Our approach combines revenues (occupancy) and costs (oil prices) for 33 U.S. airline companies from 1990 to 2019. Using travel capacity utilization data from U.S. carriers at monthly frequency and exploiting fixed-effects regression models, we document a positive relation between occupancy and stock returns, which is attenuated by oil prices. The role of oil becomes larger with asymmetries: the effects of oil prices are higher when moving up than down. Airline stocks always respond by more than the overall stock market.     

The U.S. Essential Air Service Program and SARS C0V-2, 2019–2020

The Essential Air Service (EAS) Program in the United States has provided government-subsidized air service to many small and rural communities for several decades. A program expectation is that it should provide service in light of prevailing market conditions. This paper assesses EAS during the height of the SARS CoV-2 (CoV2) pandemic from three interrelated perspectives: the program in aggregate, individual communities, and EAS connecting hubs. Using a combination of methods, including complex network analysis, we find that, in aggregate, EAS airports performed better than non-EAS airports in preserving seat capacity. However, there was variation in performance between individual EAS communities in particular and some distinct regional geographic patterns in general. In addition, we found substantial variation in the hubs' performance, which connect EAS to the U.S. National Air System.     

A critical discourse analysis of racial violence in South Carolina,U.S.A.: implications for traveling while Black

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this paper is to present a rich, detailed case that illustrates the way in which the discourse of racial violence has been constructed in the United States (U.S.), and how that has impacted Black travel. Using South Carolina, a state centrally-located along the East coast with historic, political, and social ties to the U.S. South as the context for this analysis, this paper employs a critical discourse analysis to examine the intersection of racial violence and tourism, situating cases of violence – historic to the modern. This study makes a case for more focused attention on the intersection of tourism and violence within the literature, as well as a call to the tourism industry to be proactive to discourses of violence, demonstrate a desire for diversity in their visitors, consider the critical issues of racial representation in their tourism products, and be aware of the emerging organizations supporting and facilitating Black travel.     

The U.S. Airways Group: A post-merger analysis

America West Airlines acquired the bankrupt US Airways on September 27, 2005 to form the US Airways Group, improving its competitive position in the US airline industry. This paper analyzes the post-merger performance of the US Airways Group using airline operating metrics and financial ratios for the period 2005 to 2013. While the airline has still a long way to go to improve its leverage and liquidity ratios, its capital structure and ability to pay its obligations have improved since 2005. Moreover, although the airline is still inefficient in utilizing its assets, the efficiency improvements achieved since the merger have resulted in profits and positive returns to investors. Its share prices have also largely outperformed the S&P 500 and the XAL since the merger, an indication that investors are pleased with how the merger is developing over time. In view of the US Airways Group's improving financial and operating performance, the merger is, essentially, a success.     

Market clustering and performance of U.S. OD markets

We segment the U.S. OD markets into peer groups, using a statistical cluster analysis on OD city-pair data on the basis of market concentration, passenger volume and yield. The results show: 1) that high yield markets have, on average, consistently underperformed the industry in both passenger and revenue growth, whereas low yield markets have led the industry in both areas; and 2) mid-sized ODs have experienced higher average growth and lower volatility than the largest U.S. domestic ODs, which have accounted for the least revenue per passenger as compared to all other market types. Financial portfolio analysis indicates the prospect of long-term decision making based on OD market risk and return rather than the aggregated market share analysis used by airlines today.     

美国铁路管制的由来和发展：历史和思路

回顾并评析1887年以来的美国铁路管制历史，认为美国铁路放权改革经验值得总结。     

Revenue and operational impacts of depeaking at U.S. hub airports

Historically, peaked schedules have been used with hub-and-spoke networks to maximize passenger connection opportunities. Although peaked schedules can generate more attractive connecting itineraries and revenue for an airline, they are costly to operate because additional manpower and equipment resources are needed to serve the peak periods. Several airlines experimented with depeaking their hubs as a way to reduce costs and improve operations in the 2000s. Prior studies have quantified operational improvements and cost savings associated with depeaking; however, none have quantified revenue impacts. We use difference-in-differences methods to quantify revenue and operational impacts associated with depeaking for five U.S. hubs. Results show that depeaking tends to improve operations, but may negatively impact revenue per available seat mile (RASM). In some cases, revenue losses exceed reported cost savings.     

美国天主教徒生育限制革命:1960-1975

本文以 196 0 - 1975年间美国社会广泛存在的节育行为的世俗化为切入点 ,探讨美国天主教徒在生育限制领域里对教会教义的反叛 ,并就天主教会权威受到的冲击进行分析和评价 ,以说明宗教世俗化的不可避免。     

The geography of air freight: connections to U.S. metropolitan economies

Despite the rapid growth of air freight shipments, much of the existing literature on the geography of air transportation has paid more attention to passenger travel than air freight. The purpose of this paper is to elevate our understanding of air freight by determining which specific variables most influence and shape the geographic distribution of air freight by metropolitan area using stepwise regression analysis. The empirical results suggest a regression model of five independent variables was the most parsimonious solution where the final model accounted for 71.1% of the variation in air freight shipments by metropolitan area (MA). The most important predictor was the traffic shadow effect, where less populated MAs under the traffic shadow of larger MAs tended to generate lower levels of freight. The model also suggested that other key predictors included the employment market share in transportation-shipping-logistics industries, per capita personal income, the number of medical diagnostic and supplier establishments, and above average wages in high technology. Overall, metropolitan markets with diverse and efficient ground support systems, freight forwarders and other transportation services, a more affluent population, an intense agglomeration of medical laboratories and related suppliers, and a well paid skilled workforce engaged in computer systems design and electronic product manufacturing are more likely to ship freight by air.     

美国保险业的发展状况及未来展望

美国是世界上保险业最发达的国家之一 ,拥有全球最大的保险市场。保险业在美国经济社会发展中发挥着巨大作用。美国保险市场呈垄断竞争格局 ,创新活动十分活跃。美国的保险监管主要由各州负责 ,并以偿付能力监管为重点。为促进保险业的发展 ,美国政府给予了一系列政策支持。未来若干年 ,美国保险业将在跌宕的环境变化中谋求进一步的发展 ,并继续在世界上保持领先地位。     

Airport security and screening satisfaction: A case study of U.S.

The study analyzes the perception of airport safety by travelers, and how it is related to satisfaction with passenger screening experiences and the perception of public transit safety. It uses the Omnibus Household Survey data collected by the U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics and estimates a structural equations model. It finds a positive relationship between Screening Satisfaction and Screening Safety and a positive relationship between the perception of Public Transit Safety and Screening Safety. A lack of experience with using public transit is also found to contribute to travelers perceiving lower levels of Screening Safety at airports, and females compared to males perceive a lower level of Screening Safety. Finally, the study finds causality from a traveler’s satisfaction with the screening process to safety perception.