东方重商主义与西方重商主义关于道路的不同选择——中国的重商主义为什么发展不起来

重商主义是西欧封建社会末期所形成的对货币(金银)的追求,是西欧当时很受欢迎的政治经济体制。中国在历史上也出现过重商主义的萌芽,但总是发展不起来。以中国的历史背景原因为着眼点,从中国古代政治、经济、文化、和对外贸易往来等四个方面的原因进行论述,加之和西欧国家发展重商主义的背景原因略作比较,旨在阐述为什么重商主义没有在中国发展起来。     

重商主义影响下的中国经济贸易中若干问题之反思

改革开放以来，中国的外贸顺差持续扩大．巨额外汇储备在增强民族自信心的同时也使我国经济贸易的发展呈现出重商主义的种种局限性，这些局限性正越来越广泛地影响着我国整体经济的健康发展。如何规避这些阻碍。促进经济健康平稳发展，是亟待解决的问题。     

重商主义的弊端与我国贸易政策的调整

“出口创汇”型的重商主义政策与中国经济相结合,虽然给中国经济带来了突飞猛进的增长,但是也出现了一定的偏差。引进外资、促进出口、积累外汇储备这一系列重商主义政策的局限性使政府开始思考,中国的经济政策从早期的鼓励出口,限制进口的政策逐步转变为进出口基本平衡、略有结余的中性目标,以此来平衡贸易收支,缓和与他国的贸易摩擦。     

浅论当前对重商主义经济思想的误用——兼论中国经济政策的正确定位

多数经济学家认为中国在推行重商主义经济政策。然而,重商主义是特指15世纪至18世纪初期以金银货币价值论为核心的经济学说。所以,当前无论中国还是外国的经济学说都不可能是重商主义。学者们不以价值论作为判断不同经济学说的依据,于是就将当前一些国家的经济政策同重商主义经济政策和重商主义混为一谈,将古典政治经济学与重商主义相对立,也将重商主义与货币数量论相对立。这是对重商主义经济思想的误用。     

国际贸易纠纷的重商主义视角分析——以中羡贸易顺差为例

文章以重商主义的视角分析当前国际贸易中的纠纷问题,尤其是中美两国之间：长期重商主义影响下中国的出口战略带来了巨大的顺差,成为造成两国纠纷的重要原因。中国的出口战略中的重商主义表现以及这种战略究竟给中国带来了什么即增大了人民币升值的压力,导致外汇缩水;同时还加速了中国的资源枯竭、生态环境恶化等问题。针对这一现象提出了相应的策略：扩大初级产品的进口;支持有条件的企业走出去;改善出口产品结构等。     

从重商主义角度探讨中国的对外贸易模式的转变

改革开放以来,以“出口创汇”为原则的重商主义贸易政策给中国外贸的发展带来了巨大的贸易顺差,中国在对外贸易上取得了巨大的成就,促进了中国经济的迅猛发展。但是随着国际国内环境的巨大变化,带有重商主义色彩的中国外贸模式出现了诸多的弊端。中国对外贸易模式应该适时的做出相应调节和变化以应对当前的国际形势。     

浅析重商主义理论与西方贸易保护政策的渊源

重商主义是国际贸易理论史上最早的保护贸易理论学说,14世纪发端于英国,16到17世纪是其全盛时期。这一理论视货币为财富的唯一形式,认为贸易顺差有利于积累财富,为此国家应采取干预和保护的政策以实现贸易顺差。事实证明,早期贸易保护制度的进步作用在于促进了资本主义的原始积累,促进了商品经济在流通领域的发展。     

“新重商主义”的兴起以及物流经济学的破解

“新重商主义”在世界范围内的兴起,对中国经济和世界经济都造成了严重的危害。“新重商主义”兴起的一个重要原因就在于“第一利润源”（资源领域）和“第二利润源”（人力领域）的潜力越来越小。在这种背景下,必须从物流经济学入手,开拓“第三利润源”——物流领域,从而破解“新重商主义”对中国经济和世界经济造成的困境。     

国际贸易纠纷的重商主义视角分析--以中美贸易顺差为例

文章以重商主义的视角分析当前国际贸易中的纠纷问题,尤其是中美两国之间：长期重商主义影响下中国的出口战略带来了巨大的顺差,成为造成两国纠纷的重要原因。中国的出口战略中的重商主义表现以及这种战略究竟给中国带来了什么即增大了人民币升值的压力,导致外汇缩水;同时还加速了中国的资源枯竭、生态环境恶化等问题。针对这一现象提出了相应的策略：扩大初级产品的进口;支持有条件的企业走出去;改善出口产品结构等。     

The last generalists

Abstract

The general trend of research specialisation in economics has contributed to the marginalisation of the history of economic thought. However, it has also led to a state of fragmentation in the profession and thereby increased the costs of neglecting the history of economic thought. This paper argues that historians of thought can help to counteract fragmentation because they are special generalists that fulfil multiple functions, for example, in the education of economists, the detection of blind spots in modern theories and the identification of routes for innovation by backtracking.     

The neglect of comparison income: An historical perspective

Abstract

Theories of social comparison have a long presence in the social sciences and have provided many useful insights. In economics, the idea of comparison, aspiration or relative income belongs to this theoretical framework. The first systematic usages of this notion can be found in the works of Keynes and Duesenberry. After these works the concept was relatively ignored by orthodox theorists until its recent re-appearance, mainly in the fields of labour and macroeconomics. To the contrary, however, income comparisons continued to play a role in much of Keynesian inspired and non-mainstream economics literature. In the past few years it has made a strong comeback in the literature of job satisfaction and of the economics of happiness. This paper attempts to trace the development of the concept in the modern history of economic thought. It also discusses the main theoretical implications of adopting income comparisons and possible reasons for its relative disregard by orthodox economics.     

奠基时期中国经济思想史研究的成就与地位

文章将1897-1949年间的中国经济思想史研究作为该学科的奠基时期。鉴于奠基时期的学术研究对后续研究的重要影响,以及学术界对该阶段研究的不足和对其评价肯定得不够充分,文章从学术史研究的角度出发,围绕研究成果、学术争鸣、学术价值以及研究特点等方面系统地阐述了奠基时期中国经济思想史研究的主要贡献与历史地位,并对经济思想史学科的发展提出了一些针对性的建议。     

Joan Robinson on Population Growth

Joan Robinson’s views on population growth have received scant attention. The aim of this article is to summarize and evaluate aspects of Robinson’s perspectives on population. The population question is considered in terms of four specific topics: the problem of growth, the labor market, effective demand and economic development. The article also interprets Robinson’s approach in light of the endogenous theory of economic growth in order to more explicitly elucidate Robinson’s own statements. It is concluded that an economic interpretation of population growth based on Robinson’s approach requires some specific adaptations if it is to be feasible. It is hoped that this line of approach is useful to scholars of the history of economic thought, economic development or theory of economic growth.     

The Dichotomized State

As the radical institutionalist literature attests, in spite of methodological differences Marx and Veblen draw strikingly similar conclusions regarding production, conflict, and alienation in modern life. Here we attempt to contribute to this viewpoint by establishing that similarity in conclusion stems from similarity in approach. After reviewing the existing literature on a Marx-Veblen methodological reconciliation, we briefly review Marx's method, making the mediated starting point the focus of discussion. From this vantage point, we then examine Veblen's own approach to analysis in The Theory of Business Enterprise and the conclusions that emerge as they resemble those of Marx. We maintain that in taking a kindred approach Veblen is able to arrive at an understanding of capitalism in accordance with, and complementary to, Marx's rendering of the inverted nature of economic life in modernity.     

The conspicuous absence of examination questions concerning the Great Irish Famine: political economy as science and ideology *

To advance our general understanding about the development of nine-teenth-century Irish political economy in the wake of the Great Irish Famine (1846–51), this article analyses the Famine's impact on a previously unstudied, yet uniquely authoritative, element of the displine: the questions given to candidates for the Whately Professorship of Political Economy at Trinity College, Dublin from 1832 to 1882. This article concludes, contrary to previous arguments, that the Famine did not fundamentaly influence the discipline's development, and relates this conclusion to debates over whether and how political economy functioned as an ideology in shaping policy responses to the Famine.     

Uchronies and the History of Economic Knowledge*

The international community of historians of economic thought is not essentially divided between ‘absolutists’ and ‘relativists’, or between ‘continuists’ and 'discontinuists Rather it is the specific content of the métier d'historien which makes the difference. This paper aims at highlighting and systematizing the features characterizing the work of innovative historians. Some of these features are represented by analyses concerning:

1 the intersections between pre-theoretical categories;

2 enunciative homogeneities/heterogeneities;

3 the formation and decomposition of social knowledge;

4 schools of thought

These different research practices are then unified under the common label of ‘uckronies’ (possible albeit non-arbitrary histories). Lastly, some implications of this interpretation are examined. One of them is particularly important: i. e. the irreducible ambiguity of the historian of economic thought vis-à-vis the economist. On the one hand, the former may hermeneutically discover new and valuable ideas from an intellectual viewpoint, but, on the other hand, the ways in which these ideas can enrich economic theory are absolutely uncertain. This ambivalence, together with the ‘scandalous’ trans-disciplinarity of the concepts and instruments employed by the historian of economic thought, may explain the diffidence of the economists towards the new tendencies of historiography.     

Pod learning: Student groups create podcasts to achieve economics learning goals

In this article, the authors examine two ways that they use music (i.e., popular song lyrics) as an active learning technique in an undergraduate history of economic thought course. First, they use music to help students grasp the ideas of the great thinkers in economics and see their relevance today. Second, because they require students to read original texts and write thesis-driven essays, they use music to teach essential skills related to such assignments. While the article focuses on how they use music as a pedagogical device to teach the history of economic thought, the use of music to teach essential skills could be applied to any economics course in which students engage in higher-level reading and writing.     

论经济学中的价值理论

价值理论在经济学中占有核心地位.本文简要回顾了经济思想史上价值理论的发展过程,梳理了几种主要价值理论——劳动价值论、生产要素价值论、边际效用价值论、均衡价格理论一之间的对立和传承关系,逐一分析了这几种价值理论的基本内容,重点关注每种理论的前提假设是否合理,逻辑推演过程是否正确,尽力避免意识形态角度的评断.主要结论是:马...     

Book reviews

Abstract

It is a commonly accepted view that the parity theory of forward exchange based on the law of one price was first formulated by Keynes. In this article we assess the preliminary shapes of the interest parity (IP) relation. After reviewing the early beginnings of the IP relation, we investigate two French economists of the mid-nineteenth century who have hitherto received no adequate attention. We argue that Bonnet and Juglar ought to be considered pioneers in the assessment of IP relation since Goschen's contribution is related to the specificity of ‘long’ exchange rates at a bimetallic time.