The Role of Firms' Collaborative Agreements in the Information Technology Industry Transformation

While most articles on firm partnerships focus on the firm, the alliance or networks, we investigate the role of collaborative agreements during industrial transformation phases. Observation of a single industry, the Information Technology (IT) industry, shows that the growth of collaborative agreements formed by industry leaders in the early 1990s can be interpreted as an attempt to absorb a major industry shock characterized by vertical disintegration and the emergence of 'divided technical leadership'. Such firms have adopted collaborative agreements to maintain their leadership by controlling new entrants in the new industry segments that have resulted from the disintegration. Partnerships became a strategic component of the new 'divided technical leadership' market structure that emerged from the competitive crash of the early 1990s.     

协同创新网络成员关系对企业协同创新绩效的影响——以生物制药产业为例

利用209家生物制药企业协同创新现状的调查数据,验证了企业在协同创新网络中的关系数量、关系结构、关系强度及成员间信任度对其协同创新绩效的影响。结果表明:大学及研究机构无论在关系数量还是在关系强度方面对企业协同创新绩效的影响都是最为显著的;生物制药企业需要加强与供应商、中介机构和同行业企业的网络联系,并重视提高与政府、金融机构及行业内外其他企业的联系频率;在网络结构方面,企业应着重成为大学、研究机构、同行业企业、客户及金融机构的中心,并加强对大学、研究机构、行业内外企业、中介机构、政府和金融机构等创新主体的依赖性;合作通过企业介绍的数量主要影响绩效中的技术标准制定,企业与客户间相互信任也对企业技术标准制定产生正向影响。     

The Impact of Children on the Lifetime Earnings of Australian Women: Evidence from the 1990s

This article presents estimates of the consequences of having children for the lifetime earnings of Australian women in the late 1990s.     

信息安全事件对公司价值的影响

选取2010—2016年中国发生的信息安全事件作为研究对象,使用事件研究法分析了当事公司异常收益率的变化情况,进一步结合回归分析方法和决策树方法研究了异常收益率与事件及当事公司特性的关系。结果表明:信息安全事件对当事公司的负面影响主要集中在事件发生当天和之后的第三天,且具有一定的持续性;信息安全事件的影响有随时间的推移而不断扩大的趋势;金融业公司更易遭受负面影响;公司对事件立即回应有助于减轻负面影响。     

Mexico in the 1990s: The Main Cross-Sectional Facts

This paper describes the main cross-sectional facts on individual and household earnings, labor supply, income, consumption and wealth in Mexico in the decade of the 1990s. We use two different data sources: the Mexican Employment Survey (ENEU) and the Mexican Income and Expenditure Survey (ENIGH). The contribution of this paper is twofold. First, we integrate the two surveys to provide a complete characterization of the changes in employment, wages, income, consumption and wealth in the 1990s. Second, we highlight some distinctive features that characterize the Mexican economy in this decade. In particular, we focus on the changes in the size of the informal sector and we study the relationship between changes in informality and changes in wage inequality.     

我国中等城市制造业对服务业发展的影响研究——以东部沿海地区为例

通过构建2000-2011年的对数—线性模型,从空间分层和行业分类两个角度对我国中等城市制造业对服务业的影响进行实证分析,结论是:(1)中等城市制造业对服务业的发展有较强的促进作用;(2)中等城市制造业对服务业的促进作用大于大型城市制造业对服务业的促进作用;(3)中等城市制造业对消费性服务业发展的促进作用大于其对生产性服务业发展的促进作用。因此,为更好地促进中等城市的产业发展,应注重制造业和服务业的协同,且适当加大对消费性服务业的扶持力度;未来制造业和消费性服务业将是中等城市吸纳新一代劳动力的主力军,发展制造业和服务业能有效解决中等城市劳动力就业问题。     

The tale of the tails: Canadian income inequality in the 1980s and 1990s

Abstract.  We present new evidence on levels and trends in after-tax income inequality in Canada between 1980 and 2000. We argue that existing data sources may miss changes in the tails of the income distribution, and that many of the changes in the income distribution have been in the tails. For this reason, we turn to an alternative source. In particular, we construct data on after-tax and transfer income using Census files augmented with predicted taxes based on information available from administrative tax data. Using these data, we find that Canadian after-tax inequality levels are substantially higher than has been previously recognized, primarily because income levels are lower at the bottom of the distribution than in commonly used survey data. We also find larger long-term increases in after-tax income inequality and far more variability over the economic cycle. This raises interesting questions about the role of the tax and transfer system in mitigating both trends and fluctuations in market income inequality.     

行业协会对小微企业成长性的影响

利用对北京地区小微企业的问卷调查数据,系统考察了行业协会对小微企业成长性的影响。结果表明:小微企业与行业协会建立长期而稳定的合作关系能够提高其成长性,而短期内与行业协会频繁交往对成长性没有影响;高科技小微企业与行业协会间长期稳定的关系与其成长性显著正相关,但是在非高科技小微企业中,这一关系并不显著。     

The economic crisis of the 1990s in Finland

In the 1990s, Finland underwent a deep depression as its GDP dropped about 14% and unemployment rose from 3 to almost 20%. This is a story of bad luck and bad policies. Bad luck took the form of external shocks: the collapse of trade with the former Soviet Union in 1991, but also sharp cycles in the OECD area. However, bad luck is far from being the whole story. In the absence of bad policies, Finland would have experienced a recession, not a depression. Bad policies included a poorly designed financial regulation and mistaken reactions to the onset of the crisis. Of particular interest is the role of financial factors in triggering the crisis and aggravating the effects of bad policies. Not only were consumption and investment spending hurt by the credit crunch, but there is evidence that the private sector's indebtedness has increased structural unemployment, which explains why the recovery is proceeding with few job creations. A number of general lessons emerge. They concern the deregulation of financial markets, the policy reaction to massive capital inflows and the role of employment policies.     

The Impact of Health, Education and Housing Outlays upon Income Distribution in Australia in the 1990s

The distributional impact of public expenditure on such programs as health, education and housing is frequently ignored in studies of income distribution. This may bias assessment of both the relative living standards of different types of families at any particular point in time and of trends in income inequality over time. This article provides estimates for the 1990s of the combined distributional impact of public outlays on health, education and housing. The analysis indicates that the major beneficiaries of public outlays on these services are families with children and the aged. The pattern of receipt shows a strong life-cycle effect, with the value of non-cash benefits peaking in the 30s and 40s and rising again in retirement. Non-cash benefits are also shown to have an equalising effect upon income distribution.     

创新速度的提升路径:自主研发还是协同创新——以高技术产业为例

在产业创新速度的基础上,建立了创新速度提升路径的理论框架,认为创新速度对于高技术产业创新具有直接作用效应和创新模式选择效应。直接作用效应主要体现在通过政策激励效应、规模经济效应和资源投入效应,从而促进高技术产业创新;创新模式选择效应是指,在提高创新速度追加资源投入时,总是优先投向弹性系数较高的创新模式。通过面板数据模型和贝叶斯向量自回归模型的实证研究结果表明,以上两种效应是显著的。创新速度与其他创新要素呈现良性互动特征,此外协同创新绩效需要进一步提高。     

促进信息技术产业发展的税收思考

本文认为信息技术（IT）产业是一个比较幼稚的产业,但它对于国民经济而言又具有非常重大的现实意义。从某个角度上说,它在竞争中处于不利的地位,因而有必要对其在税收政策方面给予一定的扶持。扶持的措施是完善税收政策,改革现行的企业所得税、增值税和个人所得税,使我国的税收制度更加有利于IT产业的发展。     

Communicating in the 1990s: a technology update

With the variety of available technologies, choosing among them will be difficult at best. Waiting for integration and standardization among technologies may effectively eliminate a competitive edge and productivity improvements for health care organizations. Also, selecting which one communication technology is needed may not be the issue since several technologies likely are needed to solve different communication needs in organizations. One might begin to sort out options by performing an assessment of current communication patterns and deficiencies. Ideally, the assessment should be completed by someone who is able to assess needs over an entire organization, not just one service or one organizational level. The assessment should focus at least on some of the following questions. Are three major problems with staff or client communications? If staff-related, are primary needs interactive with routine communication needs? If they are interactive, time-sensitive, and inter-organizational then a form of video-conferencing may help. Short-term interactive needs might be met by leasing video-conferencing rooms. Long-term, time sensitive interactive needs might require PC-based video-conferencing, Non-time-sensitive, interactive, inter-organizational needs might be met with voice mail or e-mail, which allow some time-delayed but single-mode interactions. If communication needs are routine, one might examine how e-mail, or fax could help. If text-based paper traffic through the mail room is enormous or slow, e-mail may help. If communication among persons at any level of geographically separate organizations is needed, modem-based or public e-mail may be the answer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The fading 1990s in Japan: Driving forces behind the unemployment upsurge

This paper sheds new light on the causes of the unemployment upsurge in Japan during the “fading 1990s”, an unprecedented period of structural crisis. We estimate a labor market model and identify the main macroeconomic determinants of labor demand and labor supply decisions in the last decades. We then conduct dynamic simulations and assess the relative contribution of these determinants to the evolution of unemployment from 1990 to 2002. Beyond the leading role exerted by the decline in productivity growth, we find the active and expansionary measures undertaken by the government had an overall negative effect on the labor market.     

货币升值对总体经济的影响及政府因应之道:以1980年代中期台湾经济发展为例

本文探讨了1980年代新台币升值后,汇率变动对于台湾产业经济发展的影响。由于台湾在经济发展过程中对出口的依赖度极高,因此,新台币对美元的大幅升值,给台湾经济带来一定程度的冲击,但此冲击程度又为台湾当局当时所采取的各项举措如外汇监管、指定外汇银行议定汇价等,降低汇率波动的风险所消减。通过对不同时期台湾政府所采取的政策加以分析,本文研究显示,台湾政府初期对于汇率的管控以及后来采取的稳健缓进的升值策略,配合产业转型、产业升级政策,使得台湾经济能够持续成长。     

The Italian Banking Structure in the 1990s: Testing the Multimarket Contact Hypothesis

The multimarket contact hypothesis holds that more contacts between firms competing in the same markets may induce more collusion. This paper tests the hypothesis for the Italian banking market, analysing the behaviour of the largest Italian banks from 1990 to 1996. Market rivalry is gauged by changes in loan market shares and interest rates in each Italian province. We estimate the effects of increasing multimarket contacts, concentration indicators, banks' costs and loan demand on variations in market shares and interest rates. No support is found for the multimarket contact hypothesis. Geographical overlap in banking is positively correlated with changes in market shares, confirming the thesis of an overall increase in competition within the Italian banking system. Greater multimarket links also seem to correspond to lower lending rates.
(J.E.L.:G21, C33, L40.)     

地方经济发展与企业资本结构选择——来自我国上市公司的经验证据

本文选择1994～2004我国上市公司数据为研究样本,检验地方经济发展以及地方经济发展因素与公司内因素的交互作用如何影响企业资本结构。本文发现,人均居民消费水平越高,企业资产负债率越高;人均GDP较高的地区,人均居民消费水平对资产负债率影响较小,企业资产负债率较高;企业非债务税盾越大,人均GDP对其资产负债率影响越小;城乡储蓄年度余额越高的地区,企业资产负债率越高;随着地区人均GDP的提高,城乡储蓄对企业资产负债率的影响减小;资本形成总额越高、企业资产负债率越高。     

The Boom and the Slump: a Causal Account of the 1990s/2000s and the 1920s/1930s

Not all booms are alike, nor are slumps. The institutions and the shocks are never exactly the same. Yet the late 1990s boom, and its unwinding, strikingly parallel the boom of the roaring 1920s, the deep decline into the early 1930s andonly a partial rebound. Both experiences began with an investment boom, then a downturn in investment while consumption held up. Economic activity closely tracked investment. The realizations of extraordinary productivity gains were present in the problematic and incomplete recovery of the 1930s, which suggests the possibility that return to the medium‐term natural rate of unemployment may be a rather long process. I expect the rest of the decade to resemble the rest of the 1930s – a limited recovery with investment and employment below historical norms.