THE ANALYSIS OF MEMORY BIAS IN AGRICULTURAL LABOUR DATA COLLECTION: A CASE STUDY OF SMALL FARMERS IN NIGERIA

An analysis is undertaken of daily labour data collected once-per-week for a sample of 129 farm households in Benue State, Nigeria during 1979/80. The purpose of the analysis is to test for the presence of memory bias in these data for which the recall period is up to seven days. The analysis indicates significant between-day differences in hours of agricultural work. This is partly due to the low work input for Sunday but it is also noted that the mean number of hours of agricultural work reported for the day prior to data collection is significantly lower than the means for days further removed from the time of data collection. This finding is taken to be confirmation that a significant level of memory bias exists in the labour data and it is estimated that reported hours of agricultural labour may overstate actual hours of such work by almost 38 per cent.     

AGRICULTURAL LABOUR IN AN EXPANDING ECONOMY

The low position of agricultural workers in the wages scale is examined in the context of National Plan objectives to increase opportunities for the labour force. The results of a survey of lubour use on 55 Yorkshire farms over the past five years are presented. The regular hired labour force on these farms has been cut by a quarter, and some farms still report surplus labour. Data on the farm workers employed and those which have left the farms is given. The characteristics of the ‘ideal farm worker’ as seen by the farmers are investigated and conclusions regarding the likely success of a wages structure in agriculture are drawn. The implications of a rise in the minimum agricultural wage to £14 a week are discussed in the light of the survey results.     

湖南省农业生态与农业经济耦合性测度

[目的]考察湖南省近9年来农业生态与农业经济系统耦合发展现状,探究二者发展过程中的规律,以期找出二者协调发展模式,并为湖南省农业生态环境保护、农业经济发展提供决策依据。[方法]运用耦合协调度模型,基于熵权法为各指标进行客观确定权重,结合2007~2015年湖南省农业生态与农业经济发展的相关数据,确定农业生态与农业经济的耦合匹配分析模型,采用熵值赋权法确定各项指标的权重,构建农业生态—农业经济耦合协调评价指标体系。[结果]研究结果表明,2007~2015年湖南省农业生态与农业经济的耦合协调发展基本稳定,耦合度值均在0.9以上,二者呈协调发展趋势。其中,2014年和2015年二者的耦合度较高,分别为0.975 3和0.984 3,说明湖南省在这两年的农业生态与农业经济的协调性好,农业经济与农业生态能够相互有效促进彼此的发展。同时,仍需时刻关注生态环境的承载力,降低对自然资源的无序攫取,实现经济的可持续发展。     

数字经济时代农产品品牌资产形成影响因素的实证研究

目的 数字经济时代如何提升农产品品牌资产,对构建新型品牌农业格局,促进农业现代化发展具有重要的价值和意义。方法 文章运用结构方程模型和层次回归模型,对有过实体店和互联网购买农产品经历的消费者进行了问卷调研,分析数字经济时代企业营销策略（即服务策略、体验策略和传播策略）、数字特征及品牌内涵对农产品品牌资产的影响。结果 数字经济时代,企业的服务策略能正向影响品牌忠诚;体验策略能正向影响品牌认知和品牌联想;传播策略正向影响品牌联想;数字特征正向影响品牌认知和品牌联想;品牌内涵则能同时正向影响品牌认知、品牌联想和品牌忠诚。结论 （1）企业可以根据农产品品牌资产的不同需求,采用针对性的营销策略。（2）在技术波动和竞争强度的数字经济时代,企业可以使用机器学习等新技术,同提升农产品运营效率。（3）企业要深入挖掘品牌内涵,根据不同品牌类型选择高效宣传方式。     

石家庄区域农业循环经济发展的灰色关联分析

[目的]通过构建一套适用于区域农业循环经济发展的评价指标体系,利用灰色关联分析对区域农业循环经济的发展水平进行综合评价。[方法]采用AHP方法构建区域农业循环经济发展评价指标体系,进一步采用灰色关联分析法构建区域农业循环经济发展评价模型,对石家庄2000~2015年的农业循环经济发展水平进行了评价。[结果]从发展评价结果来看可以划分为3个阶段,即缓慢下滑阶段(2000~2004年)、快速下滑阶段(2005~2008年)和快速上升阶段(2009~2015年)。从各类指标灰色关联度数值变化情况来看可将其划分为2种类型:(1)包括农业经济发展和农业产出等2类指标,其关联度数值都呈快速增长态势;(2)包括资源减量投入、资源循环利用以及生态环境等3类指标,其历年灰色关联度数值变化均具有先减小再增大的特点。[结论]石家庄农业循环经济发展的整体水平不高,并呈现"U"型特征。     

THE DEMAND FOR LDC EXPORTS OF PRIMARY COMMODITIES: THE CASE OF THE PHILIPPINES*

The economic case for taxing exports rests on the elasticity of demand for the exports concerned, but the true values of these elasticities are controversial. The international demand for Philippine exports of coconut products is examined in this paper. The hypothesis that the Philippines is a 'small country' exporter of coconut products is rejected using the specification of a price-normalised demand equation and the implications of this finding are discussed.     

THE INFLUENCE OF THE AGRI-MONETARY SYSTEM ON AGRICULTURAL TRADE IN THE EC: THE CASE OF SUGAR

It is hypothesised that the mechanics of the agri-monetary system impose shocks on EC agricultural markets which influence the Community's agricultural trade flows. A model illustrating links between agri-monetary changes and trade flows of sugar is presented. Empirical tests suggest that agri-monetary changes influence the volume and timing of sugar trade. Hypotheses relating the strength of this influence to self-sufficiency and other factors specific to Member States are discussed, as are the welfare costs of agri-monetary trade distortions. Although these welfare costs are unlikely to spark agrimonetary reform, they could be given consideration in the reform made inevitable by the Single European Market.     

THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF AGRICULTURAL POLICY REFORM IN THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY AND AUSTRALIA

A political-economy framework is used to explore the differences which have been observed in the pace of agricultural policy reform in the European Community and in Australia. In this framework, policy-making is endogenous in comparison with its exogenous position in applied welfare economics. It is shown that the institutional aspects of the policy process, the power of the farming lobby, and the economic philosophy of governments are important determinants of the extent of income re-distribution and of moves towards the use of more efficient instruments of income redistribution. It is argued that the degree to which politicians are captured by the farming lobby, and the extent to which they support transparency in policy-making, determine whether fundamental reforms are feasible. From this analysis, it is concluded that the pace of reform of the Common Agricultural Policy will continue to lag behind that in Australia.     

ESTIMATION OF SOCIAL WELFARE WEIGHTS IN AGRICULTURAL POLICY: THE CASE OF GREEK COTTON

This paper provides a welfare analysis of the Greek cotton market and obtains an estimate of the distributional weights implicit in the postulated welfare function of agricultural policy makers. The estimate of that weight depends, as might be expected, on the elasticity of supply and the difference between the support price and the market price. For the period covered, the welfare of Greek cotton producers was weighted about ten per cent more than that of taxpayers.     

低碳经济背景下转变农业经济发展方式研究——以广东省为例

近年来,我国农业经济面临资源与环境的严峻挑战,转变农业发展方式成为了促进农业可持续发展的重要抓手。文章以广东省为例,探讨在低碳背景下如何走出一条低排放、低污染、低投入、低能耗的农业现代化道路。对低碳经济下转变农业发展方式的必要性进行分析,挖掘制约广东省农业发展的几点问题,如耕地面积逐渐减少、农业环境污染日益严重、自然灾害频发,水土流失加剧、森林生态系统脆弱、农民受教育程度较低,素质偏低、农业科技含量低,转化成果速度慢等。明确在转变农业发展方式过程中的选择途径有发展循环农业经济、生态农业经济、有机农业经济,发展观光、休闲农业经济。并提出建立低碳能源结构、建立低碳的生产结构、实施低碳技术、提高劳动者素质的长效机制,旨在为其他相似地区在转变农业发展方式过程中如何选择路径提供参考。     

内蒙古自治区农业经济与农业生态经济耦合研究

[目的]通过分析内蒙古自治区农业经济与农业生态环境耦合程度,从农业经济系统与农业生态环境系统中分别选取6个指标,构建农业经济与农业生态环境耦合关联模型,定量评判农业经济系统与农业生态环境系统交互作用的关联耦合度。[方法]运用灰色关联分析法,选取2006~2016年内蒙古自治区农业经济与农业生态环境两个系统中12个不同的指标,研究两系统间的耦合关系。[结果]2016年农业经济与农业生态环境的关联程度均较高,其中农业生产总值与农业生态环境的关联度最高,而人均农用机械总动力与农民人均纯收入与农业生态环境的平均关联度最低;2006~2016年间,内蒙古自治区农业经济系统的6个指标与农业生态环境系统的关联度均较高,农业生态环境系统的各项指标总体趋势起伏不大,呈稳步上升趋势;2006~2016年间,内蒙古自治区农业经济与农业生态环境的耦合度呈"小波浪"形趋势变化,整体的耦合度较高。[结论]内蒙古自治区农业经济与农业生态环境处于高水平耦合阶段,为高度协调类型中的中级协调发展类。     

THE SHORT-TERM EFFECT OF DOMESTIC OIL PRICE INCREASES ON THE AUSTRALIAN ECONOMY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR

The rise in the domestic price of oil products implied by the new import parity pricing policy for domestic crude oil is likely to pose some problems for macroeconomic management. In this paper an attempt has been made to quantify the short-run adjustment problems involved, using the ORANI 78 model of the Australian economy. Results are presented for a range of variables of interest, including macroeconomic variables, industrial and workforce composition and farm incomes. With fixed real wages, farm incomes are projected to decline by between 6 and 8 per cent.     

基于Tobit模型的低碳经济农业生产率增长影响因素实证研究

改革开放以来,随着中国人口数量的快速增长,导致资源能源的匮乏,由此产生的环境问题也愈来愈严重,农业发展与农村经济的增长在人类社会的发展中有着举重若轻地地位,研究和推广一种农业低碳经济发展模式,对促进中国社会经济稳定协调发展具有深远的意义。文章在前人已有研究数据理论基础上,首先提出推进低碳农业的重要性,并基于我国发展低碳农业过程中存在的一些问题,采用Tobit模型进行量化研究分析低碳经济农业生产率增长影响因素,在实证分析部分分别对1994~2004年与2005~2014年等2个时间阶段影响低碳农业生产率增长的关键因素进行分析。在考虑农业碳排放特征的前提下,分析绿色农业生产率增长因素对低碳经济发展的影响程度及促进作用大小,并且判断未来中国农业经济在不同因素的影响程度下的增长形式,确定推进我国低碳经济的发展的最佳举措,以便将来在选择促进低碳经济发展的道路中提供战略性依据。     

从京津冀协同网络看河北县域农业经济发展模式

[目的]京津冀协同发展战略,是河北农业经济发展定位的基本视角,而在区域协同发展中,县域发展是重点也是难点,河北县域农业经济发展是河北省农业经济发展的基本面。[方法]在京津冀协同发展视域下,分析近年来河北省11个市农业经济发展面临的问题,整体上提出对接京津的顶层设计方案。进而从县域发展角度,以县域为突破口,将河北省173个建制县分为两类:距京津较远的146县以及环京津27个交界县,分别提出农业经济发展的具体模式。[结果]在京津冀协同发展中,河北县域农业经济发展需注重以下几点:(1)高度重视顶层设计;(2)以特色农业为抓手,科学规划农业功能园区,对接京津协同发展;(3)利用市场机制与科技机制,打造农业产业化模式,通过河北县域与京津农业协同大数据网的技术保障作用,提升河北农业经济整体实力。[结论]基于京津冀协同发展战略,找出推进河北县域农业经济发展的新模式,具有重要的现实意义。     

低碳农业经济指标体系构建及对江苏省的评价

[目的]在低碳经济正成为世界经济社会发展新趋势的背景下,低碳农业成为新的探究热点。科学构建低碳农业经济评价指标体系,有利于为科学评判低碳农业经济发展质量提供重要依据,江苏省作为我国农业大省和经济发达的重叠区,以其为例进行低碳农业经济发展评价对于我国农业发展方向和模式具有先导意义。[方法]基于对低碳农业经济概念和内涵的系统分析,构建由农业发展水平、化学品投入强度、能源利用效率、资源有效利用水平、农业废弃物利用水平等5个准则层的18个指标构成的低碳农业发展水平综合评价指标体系,利用层次分析法(AHP)确定评价指标体系中各指标的权重,并应用线性加权和综合评价模型对江苏省的低碳农业发展水平进行了评价。[结果]江苏省低碳农业从2005年开始得到了快速发展,其中化学品投入强度是制约江苏省低碳农业发展的主要因素,而能源利用效率是促进其发展的关键因素。[结论]降低农业生产中的化肥、农药及农膜等化学投入品的强度,可以使江苏省低碳农业的发展水平有效提升,应予以重点关注。     

社会主义市场经济粮油运输概念和模式

中国粮食经济学会粮食运输分会2003年重点对社会主义市场经济粮油运输概念和模式进行了调查研究,目的是为了提供给全社会(包括粮食部门和非粮食部门)就有经营粮油的运输工作者一个提示,了解粮食运输,在实践中不断提高粮油运输的质量水平,以适应社会主义市场经济粮油运输正规、有序运行,实现粮油运输效率、效益双增长。