Export revenue and quality: Firm‐level evidence from developing countries

I combine firm‐level export data from eight low‐income and middle‐income countries to test the relation between export price and export revenue. Across‐firm estimations show a strong positive association between export price and export revenue. Within‐firm estimations show that firms generate larger export revenue from their high‐price products. The positive correlation between export price and export revenue is strong for manufactures, weak for primary commodities, and nonexistent for extractables. Results are robust to using an alternative quality measure and controlling for exporters’ market power.     

中国出口价格研究:优势还是风险?

中国出口价格不管与发达国家相比,还是与发展中国家相比都显著偏低,而且产品的技术等级越高,价格差别就越大,这与近年来中国出口贸易结构的显著改善背道而驰。究其原因,在于加工贸易是中国出口贸易的主体这一特殊性所致。如果排除加工贸易,中国出口产品的技术含量多年来并没有明显增加,这导致中国出口价格一直居于低位。随着中国劳动力短缺情形的逐步显现和人民币汇率的升值,中国低成本的优势正逐步丧失。中国应利用过渡期尽快实现加工贸易的转型升级,加大自主创新,强化产品定价的话语权,这对中国未来经济的发展是至关重要的。     

基于ADL与ECM模型的出口供给弹性分析

以中国2005年7月到2010年6月间的数据为依托,基于动态模型实证对中国出口供给是否具有无限价格弹性进行研究后发现:中国出口供给的长期价格弹性为1.85;出口价格、产出能力、国内价格水平以及生产成本对出口供给的影响均存在滞后效应,其中产出能力对出口供给的影响最大。     

The response of the US export prices to changes in the dollar's effective exchange rate: further evidence from industry level data

The relationship between the dollar's effective exchange rate and the export price indexes for 13 two-digit US manufacturing industries is analysed to determine (i) which industry adjusts its dollar export price to dampen or amplify the effect of the exchange rate fluctuations on the foreign-currency price of its exports and (ii) whether the response of the export price index to appreciation and depreciation of the exchange rate is asymmetric. For several industries, evidence consistent with dampening the foreign-currency price of exports in an asymmetric fashion is found. The implications of the results for the price competitiveness of the industries studied is discussed.     

The supply and demand for imports and exports in a simultaneous model

Previous studies on the behaviour of aggregate exports and imports have tended to ignore the simultaneous relationship between quantity and price. This paper investigates the price responsiveness of export and import demand and supply in eight African countries. The results indicate that export demand price elasticities are smaller when the sample is African. The import supply and demand elasticities were found to be generally large. The Marshall–Lerner condition of balance of payment stability is found to be easily satisfied. A positively sloped function of export supply is found to exist for a majority of countries in the sample. The average time lag of export supply is found to be about a year. The disequilibrium model is found to be more appropriate for import demand, import supply and export supply.     

中国出口增长的三元边际

本文首创了贸易增长的三元分解框架,并且利用1995-2004年六分位贸易数据,将中国出口增长分解为广度增长、数量增长与价格增长,在此基础上利用非参数技术研究了中国出口增长模式.结论发现:中国出口产品价格低、数量高;从增长看,数量增长速度最快,广度增长速度次之,两者共同成就了中国出口的迅速增长;价格对出口增长几乎没有贡献;这一结论对于不同技术、不同数据是稳健的.     

国际商品价格波动与中国出口贸易的能源成本:一个实证分析

中国的出口贸易面临着国际市场能源价格快速上涨与工业品价格滞涨的双重压力。本文对2002—2007年中国出口商品所包含的能源成本进行的估算发现,以2002年不变价计算的能源成本在5年间增长了7.53倍。与此对应,能源成本在中国出口总额中所占的比例从2002年的8.4%上升到了2007年的21.2%。通过计算价格弹性发现,国际市场上能源相对价格的波动是引起我国能源成本率上升的主要因素。能源成本快速上升大大降低了我国出口商品的利润空间,表明我国的外贸质量在下降,这主要是由国际市场进出口价格体系以及我国出口商品结构不合理所造成的。     

中国出口结构在优化吗——基于产品内分类的视角

同一产品内部的不同种类间存在较大价格差异。根据价格高低将同一产品可划分为三类,即高端产品、中端产品与低端产品。同一产品出口中高端产品比重增加意味着出口结构优化。基于此,利用HS六分位贸易数据,本文重新审视了中国出口结构,认为;中国出口产品中70%以上为中低端产品,而且有增加趋势;中国与经合组织国家出口相似度有减少趋势;产品技术复杂度越高,中国出口产品越处于低端位置;因此,中国出口结构水平较低,低于中国经济的发展水平,提升其出口结构水平具有较大的空间。     

Extreme dependence in price transmission analysis

We propose a generalized procedure that combines conventional price transmission analysis with copula-based dynamic tail dependence, to examine price relationships under extreme conditions. This approach is used to examine Ukrainian wheat markets where export restrictions combined with price surges, 2006–2008 and 2010–2012, have contributed to a turbulent market. The results indicate that domestic prices were effectively insulated from world price shocks, but that a ‘rocket and feathers’ price relation held between domestic flour and wheat prices. These asymmetric price co-movements changed with the degree of restrictiveness of the export prohibitions.     

Preis- und Wechselkursindizes für den Export österreichischer Halb- und Fertigwaren

Summary The purpose of this article is to describe the computation of various export price and effective exchange rate indices for the Austrian exports of manufactured goods, considering especially the competition of other exporting countries on the relevant markets (including domestic production alternatively) and to present the development of these indices during the decade 1963 to 1973.In analogy to well-known concept of double-weighted competing export price indices of a country a double weighted exchange rate index was constructed. Weighting schemes were derived from trade-share matrices of the eleven most important producers and suppliers (respective buyers) of manufactured goods. Relative export price indices on local currency basis and relative effective exchange rate indices were computed separately and then put together in order to get relative export price indices adjusted for effective exchange rate changes.These indices indicate that the competitive position of the Austrian exports of manufactured goods improved in the period 1963 to 1973 by more than 10%.     

多种要素扭曲是否推动了中国企业出口

本文使用1999-2007年工业企业数据样本分析了包括资本、劳动及中间品在内的要素市场相对扭曲程度,并考察其是否能解释中国企业出口的独特成本优势。结论认为：中国制造业企业存在严重要素价格扭曲,不同要素的价格扭曲程度差异化较大。劳动力价格扭曲现象普遍存在,经济发展以牺牲劳动力价格市场化为代价。国有企业比重较大的行业资本价格相对较低,而私营企业比重较大的行业则资金成本较高。能源、原材料相关行业以及外资企业比重较大的行业中间品价格偏低;经过实证检验,要素市场扭曲的确对企业出口倾向起到推动作用,企业将获得的成本优势转化为出口优势,这表明低廉的要素价格是中国产品在国际市场中具有竞争力的重要原因。     

Does the distinction between gross and value‐added exports matter? An empirical investigation of export elasticities

This study uses bilateral U.S. export data from the OECD’s Trade in Value‐Added database to estimate and compare elasticities for three distinct export measures: conventional measures of gross exports, domestic value added in gross exports, and value‐added exports. It finds little evidence of significant differences in the income elasticities across the three export measures or in the price elasticities of gross exports and domestic value added in gross exports. However it finds a significantly higher price elasticity for value‐added exports, suggesting that conventional price elasticity estimates may underestimate the impact of a real dollar depreciation on U.S. exports of value added.     

The export price index with the effect of variety and an empirical analysis

The standard international trade models predict that economic growth induces decreasing export prices. Korea has recorded sustainable economic and export growth, and its export prices have been deteriorating over the last decades. Unlike the standard assumption of one good per country, the new theoretical approach by Krugman [Krugman, P. (1980) ‘Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and Pattern of Trade’. American Economic Review 70, 950–959, Krugman, P. (1989) ‘Differences in income elasticities and trends in real exchange rates’. European Economic Review, 33, 1055–1085.], and Helpman and Krugman [Helpman, E. and Krugman, P. (1985), Market structure and foreign trade: increasing returns, imperfect competition, and international economy, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.] takes into account varieties of goods produced in each country. And many studies suggest that traditional estimates without variety effect have been rather under-stated. Therefore this paper develops a proper modeling for quantifying the impact of export variety on an exact export price index. Throughout the period (1984–2000), the conventional export price index without variety effect leads to under-state Korea's export price by 89.3%. This paper shows that the fall in Korean export prices has been offset by the effect of export variety. This paper emphasizes the effect of export variety on international trade.     

基于完全成本的碳酸稀土理论价格研究——兼论中国稀土资源定价机制改革

文章基于完全成本核算了2008-2010年碳酸稀土的理论价格,并与国内市场价格和出口价格进行了比较。研究发现,碳酸稀土的国内价格严重偏离其理论价格,市场价格严重扭曲。出口管制政策是校正稀土市场价格扭曲、弥补稀土资源折耗成本和生态环境外部成本补偿不足的一种手段,为我国政府在本次稀土国际贸易争端中提出出口管制政策是"基于保护资源和环境的考虑,为实现可持续发展"的观点提供了经验支持。破解当前稀土生产与出口内外困局的关键是改革稀土资源价格形成机制。文章提出了按照市场化原则和WTO规则改革稀土资源定价机制的政策建议。     

美国对中国反倾销的变化趋势、原因及对策分析

自20世纪90年代以来,中国的资本密集型出口产品逐步替代劳动密集型出口产品成为美国的主要反倾销对象。美国对中国反倾销出现的这一变化趋势,一方面是由于中国劳动力价格上升,劳动密集型产品对美出口比例降低,另一方面是由于中国的资本密集型产品对美出口迅速增加对美国相关产业形成竞争压力。为了有效的应对美国的反倾销,无论是相关出口企业,还是国家政府部门都应给予足够重视,应坚持统一对外的方针,抵制低价出口行为;实施市场多元化战略;设立专门应对反倾销的机构,共同做好反倾销的预防工作和应对措施。     

Pursuing manufacturing-based export-led growth: Are developing countries increasingly crowding each other out?

This study empirically investigates the presence of “crowding out” effects emerging from intra-developing country competition in export markets for manufactured goods. Export equations are estimated for a panel consisting of 22 major developing country exporters of manufactures, after constructing trade-weighted price and quantity indices based on their exports to 13 major high-income countries. The results, which are robust to various price and expenditure measures, suggest the presence of significant demand-side constraints on export growth, and that rapid Chinese export growth has had a noticeable impact in this regard. The estimated effects vary across time periods, SITC categories, and export destinations.     

中国进出口价格弹性研究

本文通过建立中国进出口弹性模型和行业计量经济模型,测算和研究了中国进出口弹性问题.主要研究结论是:第一,中国中长期出口价格弹性和进口价格弹性分别为-0.8579和-1.0774;第二,中国大部分行业的出口价格弹性小于1,特别是农业、石油及天然气开采业、纺织业、化学工业、仪器仪表及文化办公用机械制造业以及社会服务业价格弹性绝对值都在0.5左右.适当提高价格对增加这些部门的收入是有利的;第三,中国大部分行业进口需求价格弹性小于或接近于1;石油及天然气开采业的进口价格需求弹性为异常值,为 1.3148,说明:对于原油这样的战略性物资应该反市场操作,中东出现安全时价低时吃进以为战略储备,而出现危机时抛出以平抑国内原油市场价格的加速上扬.     

Modelling export equations using an unobserved component model: the case of the Euro Area and its competitors

This article analyses developments in the external sector for the Euro Area and its major competitors and quantifies the dynamic contributions of the key determinants of trade to export volume behaviour. In addition to the traditional variables affecting export volumes, price and foreign demand, an unobserved component in the form of a time-varying trend enters the export equations to capture underlying non-price competitiveness. The structural modelling approach used within an error correction framework allows isolating the different sources of trade fluctuations and to better assess the contribution of each set of variables to export flows. The findings confirm that stochastic trends are present as a result of technical change and other exogenous factors driving export flows, and that a failure to account for these trends will lead to biased estimates of long-run price elasticities.     

Pricing in International Markets: a "Small-country" Benchmark

The paper studies export pricing to market (PTM) in a “small‐country” context using a panel of disaggregated exports from Hong Kong since 1992. Conventional wisdom is that PTM is commonplace—except for US exports. This study provides a benchmark by which to interpret the puzzling behavior of US export prices. Empirically, Hong Kong's export price behavior is comparable to that of the US. This similarity reinforces the idea that PTM behavior is also a function of home market conditions and the ability to price discriminate across markets. There is little evidence of differences in PTM across Hong Kong's export destinations.     

技术壁垒对出口产品价格梯度影响的模型构建与实证分析

技术壁垒一旦形成并且实施,壁垒对进口产品就产生了明显的数量控制机制和价格控制机制的双重作用.即它既具有配额的数量控制作用,又形成了一种特殊的价格调节作用,其作用类似于关税但有其特殊性,是一种复合机制.本文研究分析了技术壁垒引致出口产品价格变化的空间梯度场模型,并根据模型实证分析了技术壁垒对我国出口产品价格梯度的影响,提出了积极应对这种技术壁垒,提高我国出口产品国际竞争力的措施.