中小企业在社会经济生活中发挥着重要的作用

一、扩大就业，维护社会稳定离不开中小企业当前，我国劳动力供大于求的矛盾日益突出，失业问题已成为我国经济发展道路上最大的挑战，解决失业问题直接关系到社会的稳定和国家的长治久安。“十五”期间，我国城镇劳动力资源供给总量预计新增５２００万以上，目前的农村剩余劳动力更达到１．５亿人以上。城镇新增劳动力、经济结构调整所产生的失业人员、进入市场的下岗职工、农村剩余的劳动力交汇在一起，城镇就业形势将非常严峻。而中小企业是提供就业的主力军，在我国，绝大多数的中小企业是劳动密集型企业，创造了６０％左右的工业产值，…     

推进公共就业服务体系的建设：以基本公共服务均等化为视角

受＂次贷＂危机的影响,我国失业问题严峻,凸显出我国公共就业服务缺位问题。公共就业服务的供给与需求严重脱节,基尼系数表明,我国公共就业服务整体处于低水平的平衡状态,但泰尔指数反映出农村间公共就业服务发展极不平衡,且有扩大趋势。政府应以公共就业服务均等化为目标,来推进公共就业服务体系建设,特别建议设立农民工公共就业服务横向转移支付制度,实现劳动力输入和输出的双赢。     

关注民生话就业——浅议当前就业再就业形势

就业是民生之本。劳动力供求矛盾突出、结构性失业问题严重、经济增长的吸纳能力减弱成为我国当前就业再就业形势严重地三大主要因素。要解决就业问题,必须充分发挥政府在促进就业的主导作用;必须协调推进经济结构调整和就业结构改善;必须建立和完善以市场为导向的就业再就业机制;必须转变劳动者就业转念,提高就业素质。     

论人力资源供给偏差和结构性失业

通过从劳动力供给角度进行研究,并针对结构性失业的问题,寻求改善劳动力供给结构的理论依据,为实施积极的就业政策提供可行性建议.结构性失业问题,主要原因在于劳动力的流动障碍.由于技能、地理位置以及信息不对称等因素造成的劳动力供给偏差是阻碍劳动力流动的现实原因,劳动力在行业间或区域问的"有效供给"是缓解当前结构性失业的关键.     

现阶段大学生结构性失业问题的政府治理

由于高等教育发展模式不适应经济体制改革与经济结构调整步伐,大学生结构性供需矛盾突出,结构性失业成为现阶段大学生失业的主要表现形式.在社会主义市场经济条件下,政府应该在解决大学生结构性失业问题中发挥重要的作用.文章从政策的支撑和法律的保障、劳动力市场的规范、高校就业信息平台的建立完善、失业保险制度的建立健全等方面探讨了政府对大学生结构性失业问题的治理.     

民工荒与就业难问题的经济学分析

近年来,受到经济结构调整步伐加快、农村剩余劳动力转移加速和大学生扩招迅速这三大因素的共同影响,失业问题已经成为我们社会的一个热点问题。在各种引起失业的原因中,结构性失业问题的表现尤为突出,而民工荒主要出现的产业是第二第三产业,相比较我国第一产业存在大量的冗余劳动力,     

民工荒与就业难问题的经济学分析

<正>近年来,受到经济结构调整步伐加快、农村剩余劳动力转移加速和大学生扩招迅速这三大因素的共同影响,失业问题已经成为我们社会的一个热点问题。在各种引起失业的原因中,结构性失业问题的表现尤为突出,而民工荒主要出现的产业是第二第三产业,相比较我国第一产业存在大量的冗余劳动力,     

发挥中职学校在农村劳动力转移培训中的作用

我国中职学校、职教中心遍布城乡，和农村、农民有着千丝万缕的关系。使农村劳动力具有一技之长，提高农村劳动力的就业竞争力是解决农村劳动力就业问题的根本手段，而发挥中职学校在其中的作用又是简洁有效的途径。农村劳动力转移培训能否取得预期效果，就要树立为农村服务的办学指导思想，做好企业主导的农村转移劳动力的岗位培训，做好农村转移劳动力职中的跟踪性培训。     

促进就业立法建立就业长效机制

我国有13多亿人口,是世界上人口和劳动力最多的国家。我国的就业问题不同于发达国家,他们主要面临青年劳动力的就业问题;也不同于其他转轨国家,他们主要面临转轨带来的结构性失业和再就业问题还不同于其他发展中国家,他们主要面临农村劳动力的转移就业问题。我国就业所面临的转轨就业、青年就业和农村转移就业同时出现、相互交织的“三碰头”局面,就业问题之复杂是世界任何国家都未有过的。     

国务院：加快实施重点产业调整和振兴规划

国务院总理温家宝日前主持召开国务院常务会议，研究部署进一步加强就业工作的措施。会议指出，国际金融危机对我国的影响尚未见底，经济发展的不确定和不稳定因素较多，我国经济平稳回升的基础尚不稳固，这些问题与劳动力总量供大于求、结构性矛盾突出等交织在一起，就业形势依然严峻。新增就业与去年同比仍为减少，登记失业率继续上升，高校毕业生和农村劳动力就业困难较多。     

The employment environment for youth in rural South Africa: A mixed-methods study

South Africa has high youth unemployment. This article examines the predictors of youth employment in rural Agincourt, Mpumalanga Province. A survey of 187 out-of-school 18 to 24 year olds found that only 12% of women and 38% of men were currently employed. Men with skills/training were significantly more likely to report employment, mostly physical labour (adjusted odds ratio: 4.5; confidence interval: 1.3, 15.3). In-depth interviews with 14 of the youth revealed that women are perceived more suitable for formal employment, which is scarce, informing why women were more likely to pursue further education and yet less likely to be employed. Ten key informants from local organisations highlighted numerous local youth employment resources while, in contrast, all youth in the sample said no resources were available, highlighting a need for the organisations to extend their services into rural areas. Because these services are focused on entrepreneurship, programmes to increase financial literacy and formal employment opportunities are also needed.     

Identifying employment-creating sectors in South Africa: the role of services industries

This paper explores scenarios for employment creation, with an emphasis on services. It considers whether the government's current policies for the formal services sector will achieve its 2014 target of halving unemployment. New employment has mainly been found in the formal and non-formal services, and future employment will probably come from such sectors as business services, trade, finance and tourism. As at 2004, about 480 000 new jobs were needed annually to halve unemployment from 26.2 per cent to 13 per cent by 2014. This would require at least twice the average annual job creation since 1994. Two scenarios are considered: the first under current conditions with similar rates of growth; the second with substantial improvements in policy, especially the promotion of trade in services. The first scenario leaves the economy with the same rate of unemployment in 2014. The second sees a reduction in unemployment of 20 per cent.     

后危机时期农村剩余劳动力转移问题探析

2008年金融危机严重影响了我国农村剩余劳动力的就业,但自2009年以来返城务工的农民工越来越多,本文从农村劳动生产率的提高,新生代农民工的特点、社会保障、子女教育等几个方面分析了这种趋势的必然性,最后有针对性地提出了在金融危机背景下解决农村剩余劳动力就业的对策。     

Job search methods and outcomes

Using Portuguese data, this paper investigates the effects ofjob search methods on escape rates from unemployment and ofjob-finding methods on earnings. The effectiveness of the jobsearch process is also evaluated in terms of the periodicityof the resulting job match. Emphasis is accorded the role ofthe public employment service. Despite its frequency as a searchvehicle, the state employment agency is shown to have a lowhit rate, and to lead to lower-paying, shorter-lasting jobs.     

浅析中国城镇失业认识的三大误区

我国经过20多年的经济体制改革,计划经济正迅速地向市场经济转变,由于中国特有的人口包袱、改革前国企所沉淀的大量隐性失业人员、大批农村剩余劳动力,再加上产业结构调整所带来的结构性失业等,使失业问题变得十分严峻。当失业率超过了一定的限度时,其结果必将影响社会的稳定     

农村生产率的“两次革命”及剩余劳动力就业问题研究

建国至今,我国农村劳动生产率经过了"制度革命"和"技术革命","两次革命"产生了大量的剩余劳动力。文章比较分析了"两次革命产生的剩余劳动力的特点以及面临的就业形势。最后根据两波农村剩余劳动力的特点,有针对性地提出了在金融危机背景下促进目前农村剩余劳动力就业的对策。     

Labour market dimensions of poverty in Indonesia

This paper focuses on labour market issues relevant to poverty alleviation. Patterns of participation, unemployment and employment are examined among the poor compared with the non-poor in general, among urban and rural households, and among various socio-demographic groups. Using data from the 2002 National Socio-Economic Survey, the paper finds that low participation in the workforce and high unemployment, while important, are less closely related to poverty status than expected, especially among spouses of household heads. However, sector of employment and underemployment are closely associated with poverty, especially for those in informal jobs in urban areas; in rural areas, the poor are heavily concentrated in agriculture. Among the poor, young people and females are more likely to be underemployed and to work in agriculture than prime-age workers. The data suggest that labour market policies that tend to protect those in formal sector employment are unlikely to reduce poverty much, if at all.     

Human Resource Underutilization in an Era of Poverty Reduction: An Analysis of Unemployment and Underemployment in Ghana

Abstract: Unemployment is more prevalent in urban than rural Ghana, while underemployment is pervasive in rural Ghana. The paper analyses trends in these two forms of human resource underutilization and examines their major determinants. It is found that a positive association exists between the underemployment rate and the incidence of poverty in specific industries. The data supports the importance of demographics, education and firm sizes as major determinants of unemployment. Furthermore, these factors together with type of employment are the factors influencing underemployment. To reduce the level of unemployment and underemployment, the government should provide support for: (1) growth of private sector firms and informal sector activities; and (2) rural alternatives to agricultural activities. These implications are also relevant to other African countries trying to combat the twin problems of unemployment and underemployment.     

The Effects of Youth Job Seeker Allowance in South Korea

The severity of youth unemployment in South Korea has prompted the government to implement various preventive measures such as employment services and vocational training. Local governments implemented a Youth Job Seeker Allowance in 2016 as a new form of support, which was adopted by the central government in 2017. This study examines the impact of the Youth Job Seeker Allowance in South Korea on employment. It finds that the allowance had a positive effect on employment; recipients of the allowance have a higher probability of being employed. However, recipients took longer to obtain employment than non-recipients, corroborating previous studies that unemployment benefits lengthen the duration of unemployment. But, recipients of the allowance have more time to look for quality work. Therefore, although the Youth Job Seeker Allowance has the effect of demotivating recipients from looking for employment, its limited duration of three months obliges them to engage in job search activities. The study has implications for the introduction of Youth Job Seeker Allowance systems to support job search activities.     

Does higher language proficiency decrease the probability of unemployment? Evidence from China

This paper considers how proficiency in Standard Mandarin, China's official language, affects employment probabilities in China. Previously, research has focused on language proficiency' effects on earnings, with little research having been done on how proficiency affects employment probabilities vis-à-vis unemployment. Data will be taken from the China Labor-force Dynamics Survey (CLDS), which makes it possible to distinguish between employed and unemployed people. Using a linear probability model, it is estimated that a one-standard-deviation increase in Mandarin proficiency decreases unemployment probabilities by 5%. Significant heterogeneity is also found. The ‘employment premium’ for language proficiency is highest for younger people and people living in urban areas. The effects on employment is not significant for older people, and people living in rural areas.