研发团队海外知识获取的驱动因素与绩效结果——基于浙江省高新技术企业的实证研究

在当前国内技术等要素资源约束的背景下,浙江省部分民营高新技术企业自发实施"走出去"战略,通过获取海外知识,提高企业产品的技术含量以及拓展出口业务,在转型攻坚时期,实现了企业在全球价值链中的升级和改善。本文通过理论梳理和访谈研究,构建了高新技术企业研发团队"驱动因素—海外知识获取—绩效结果"研究模型。在研发团队知识主体特征层面,通过实证研究印证了国际创业精神、国际化能力和海外关系网络对海外知识获取投资决策、行为和努力的驱动,以及对企业创新和出口绩效的提升作用。     

Firm capabilities and growth: the moderating role of market conditions

Using a contingency theory lens, this study explores the impact of multiple firm-level capabilities and their interactions on firm growth under different market conditions, using panel data from 612 U.S. public firms across 16 years in 60 industries. Specifically, this study empirically examines how three key firm capabilities (marketing, R&D, operations) interact to impact firms’ revenue growth and profit growth over time, and how external boundary conditions (market munificence and competitive dynamism) influence the interactive growth effects of these capabilities. The results indicate that firms’ R&D (operations) capabilities positively (negatively) influence the effects of marketing capabilities on firm growth and that such effects vary across different market conditions. This study provides insights to researchers and managers regarding how to manage and deploy resources across multiple capabilities simultaneously under different market conditions to drive firm growth.     

跨国并购的中外目标差异及实证研究

在跨国公司对我国企业并购中 ,中外双方所追求的目标存在巨大的差异。本文在理清相关理论对跨国并购双方目标差异的分析基础上 ,利用外资并购数据对中外目标差异进行了实证检验和分析 ,结果表明中外双方确实存在目标上的差异 ,并且对产业结构优化调整的追求是中方最为看重的目标。然后本文分析了由于目标差异所引起的冲突 ,最后提出了降低目标差异的政策     

The copycat CMO: firms’ imitative behavior as an explanation for CMO presence

The present study adds to the CMO literature the perspective of firms’ imitative behavior on why firms have CMOs in their TMT. We propose that a firm’s decision to have a CMO on its TMT is driven not only by contingency-reated considerations but also by social ones, as the decision is significantly influenced by industry peers. Empirical findings based on 505 large US firms from 2000 to 2012 indicate that firms’ imitative behavior is a significant driver of CMO presence, especially when firm uncertainty is strong and inference uncertainty is low. Post hoc analyses indicate that this imitation behavior tends to be performance neutral at best.     

Innovating for sustainability: a framework for sustainable innovations and a model of sustainable innovations orientation

In an environment characterized by growing awareness of environmental sustainability among various stakeholders in organizations, innovating for sustainability can be expected to grow in importance from the standpoints of organizational legitimacy, reputation, and performance. Relatedly, a firm’s sustainable innovations capabilities as a source of competitive advantage and the sustainability related attributes of a firm’s product offerings as bases for market segmentation, target marketing, positioning, and differentiation can also be expected to grow in importance. The emergence of sustainability as a major driver of innovation highlights a number of important issues that merit investigation, such as potential avenues for sustainable innovation and sustainable product innovation and factors underlying differences between firms in their commitment to a sustainable innovations orientation. In an attempt to gain insights into these issues, this paper presents (1) a conceptual framework delineating potential avenues for sustainable innovations and (2) a conceptual model delineating a number of firm-related and industry-related antecedents of sustainable innovations orientation, along with performance outcomes of sustainable innovations orientation. Implications for theory, research, and practice are discussed.     

Dynamic relationships among R&D,advertising, inventory and firm performance

Firms’ spending on R&D, advertising, and inventory holding affect firm performance, which in turn affects future spending in each of these three areas. Effective allocation of resources across R&D, advertising, and inventory holding is challenging since an understanding of their dynamic inter-relationships is necessary. Past research has not examined these spending issues simultaneously. We estimate inter-relationships among the effects of firms’ R&D spending, advertising spending, and inventory holding on sales and firm value (as measured by its Tobin’s Q) using a vector auto regression model of a panel of publicly listed U.S. high technology manufacturing firms. Insights from the computation of long-term effects indicate that advertising spending and inventory holding increase sales, while R&D spending does not, and advertising and R&D spending increase firm value, while inventory holding does not. In addition, firm spending in all three functions is positively affected by sales but negatively by firm value. We discuss the implications of the study for marketing literature and managerial practice.     

Where is the opportunity without the customer? An integration of marketing activities, the entrepreneurship process, and institutional theory

Marketing and entrepreneurship have long been recognized as two key responsibilities of the firm. Despite their tight integration in practice, marketing and entrepreneurship as domains of scholarly inquiry have largely progressed within their respective disciplinary boundaries with minimal cross-disciplinary fertilization. Furthermore, although firms increasingly undertake their marketing and entrepreneurial activities across diverse settings, academe has provided little insight into how changes in the institutional environment may substantially alter the processes and outcomes of these undertakings. Herein, we integrate research on marketing activities, the entrepreneurship process, and institutional theory in an effort to address this gap. We first discuss market orientation as enhancing a firm??s opportunity recognition and innovation, whereas marketing mix decisions enhance opportunity exploitation. We then examine how entrepreneurship leads to innovation directed toward market orientation and marketing mix activities. Based on this foundation, we examine differences in marketing and entrepreneurship activities across institutional contexts.     

How the frequency and amount of corporate donations affect consumer perception and behavioral responses

This article proposes two new donation strategies that focus on either the amount or the frequency of corporate donations, and verifies that consumers have very different perceptions of and behavioral responses to firms that adopt these different donation strategies. Through three lab experiments and two field studies with adult consumers, the authors show that an amount-focused donation strategy leads consumers to generate more resource- and capability-related associations about the firm’s endeavor in helping charities, whereas a frequency-focused donation strategy leads consumers to generate more commitment- and persistence-related associations about a firm’s endeavor in helping charities. Furthermore, consumers tend to perceive a donation as more instrumental in helping charities and are more likely to purchase from the donor firm, pay a higher price for the donor firm’s products, and make referrals when the firm adopts a frequency-focused (vs. amount-focused) donation strategy to support an approach-oriented (vs. avoidance-oriented) charitable goal. The findings hold important implications for corporate donation strategies regarding how firms should allocate their philanthropic budgets and strategically communicate their donation efforts.     

中国出口企业技术创新特性与影响因素研究

20世纪90年代以来中国出口持续增长,与出口总量的持续增长相比,中国的出口产品普遍技术含量不高。本文通过构建技术创新的理论模型,并运用分行业中国上市企业的数据,对中国出口企业技术创新特性与影响因素进行了实证研究。结果表明,中国出口企业发明专利比例较低,累计申请专利集中程度高;研发资本投入存量差异大;总体上,研发资本存量...     

Who should be in power to encourage product program innovativeness,R&D or marketing?

The degree to which the research and development (R&D) department is regarded as more important for product innovativeness than is marketing, with greater potential to influence innovation decisions, appears ambiguous. This study examines how R&D’s level of power, relative to marketing’s, affects product program newness and meaningfulness, and thus market and financial performance. Relying on the motive of enhancement, this study reveals two underlying mechanisms to explain considerations of R&D and marketing depending on R&D’s power. A multi-informant sample of top executives and subordinates from 229 firms indicates distinct effects of R&D’s relative power on product program newness and meaningfulness. Specifically, R&D power exhibits a positive linear relationship with product program newness but a nonlinear effect with meaningfulness. To expand market and financial performance, firms should seek to generate meaningful product innovations through a moderate level of relative R&D power, particularly when their environments are characterized by high competitive intensity.     

Effect of analysts’ earnings pressure on marketing spending and stock market performance

Despite the clearly visible effects of analysts’ pressures on C-level executives in the popular press, there is limited evidence on their effects on marketing spending decisions. This study asks two questions. First, how do analysts’ pressures affect firms’ short-term marketing spending decisions? Based on a sample of 2706 firms during 1987–2009 compiled from Institutional Brokers Earning System, COMPUSTAT, and CRSP databases we find that firms cut marketing spending. Second, more importantly, we ask if firms which remained more committed in the past to marketing spending under analysts’ pressures have higher longer-term stock market performance. We find that the stock market performance of firms more committed to marketing spending under past periods of analysts’ pressures is higher. The findings are replicated for R&D spending and are robust across measures, controls, and methodologies. Consideration of two industry-based moderators, R&D spending and revenue growth, and one firm-based moderator, whether the firm is among the industry’s top four market share or other lower share firms, reveals that the findings are stronger for high R&D and growth industries and lower market share firms. One key implication is that top executives respond to analysts’ pressures by cutting marketing spending in the short term; however, if they can resist these pressures, longer-term stock market performance is higher.     

公司治理、技术创新和企业绩效的实证研究

公司治理及技术创新对企业绩效发挥了重要作用。本文系统研究了企业公司治理及技术创新和企业绩效之间的关系,建立了一个三者之间的综合模型,通过调查数据的验证,对基于能力和基于资源的理论进行了完善和发展。研究结果显示,不同的企业公司治理及技术创新会对企业绩效产生不同的作用。因此,对于中国企业来说,建立良好的治理机制,可以增强企业竞争力,提高企业绩效。     

Where does pride lead? Corporate managerial hubris and strategic emphasis

A firm’s strategic emphasis on value creation versus appropriation, which is typically reflected in its resource allocation between R&D and advertising, is a central corporate decision that significantly influences financial performance. However, the drivers of such decisions remain underexplored. This study identifies a significant predictor of strategic emphasis, namely, corporate managerial hubris, and reveals some of its boundary conditions. Leveraging a unique dataset based on text mining of press releases issued by over 400 firms across 13 years, the authors demonstrate that high corporate managerial hubris predicts low strategic emphasis on advertising relative to R&D. However, this effect is mitigated significantly by firm maturity, corporate governance, and industry-level strategic emphasis. The results provide novel insights into the effects of hubris on firm spending, the situations wherein marketing decisions tend to be subject to managers’ psychological bias, the means of preventing over- or under-investment in marketing strategy, and the recruitment and training of managers.     

家族涉入调节下社会资本对企业创新的作用机制研究

基于社会资本相关研究的理论分析,重点探讨家族性社会资本与非家族性社会资本对企业创新的联合影响效应,以及这种联合效应是否强于家族性社会资本或非家族性社会资本个体效应。鉴于强大的控制联盟（即家族）的存在为组织环境中社会群体之间积极互惠影响创造了条件,还探讨了家族涉入在上述关系中的调节作用。运用偏最小二乘法（PLS）对318份调研问卷数据进行分析,结果表明：家族性社会资本与非家族性社会资本共同对家族企业创新产生积极影响,且联合影响效应优于家族性社会资本或非家族性社会资本的单一效应;家族控制对家族性社会资本和非家族性社会资本与企业创新的关系存在正向调节作用;代际参与对家族性社会资本和非家族性社会资本与企业创新的关系存在负向调节作用。     

Do managers know what their customers think and why?

The ability of a firm’s managers to understand how its customers view the firm’s offerings and the drivers of those customer perceptions is fundamental in determining the success of marketing efforts. We investigate the extent to which managers’ perceptions of the levels and drivers of their customers’ satisfaction and loyalty align with that of their actual customers (along with customers’ expectations, quality, value, and complaints). From 70,000 American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI) customer surveys and 1068 firm (manager) responses from the ACSI-measured companies, our analyses suggest that managers generally fail to understand their firms’ customers in two important ways. First, managers systematically overestimate the levels of customer satisfaction and attitudinal loyalty, as well as the levels of key antecedent constructs such as expectations and perceived value. Second, managers’ understanding of the drivers of their customers’ satisfaction and loyalty are disconnected from those of their actual customers. Among the most significant “disconnects,” managers underestimate the importance of customer perceptions of quality in driving their satisfaction and of satisfaction in driving customers’ loyalty and complaint behavior. Our results indicate that firms must do more to ensure that managers understand how their customers perceive the firm’s products and services and why.     

会计师事务所可持续发展战略研究——基于聚类与决策树方法

聚类和决策树方法有效的结合,不仅可以实现对会计师事务所多个因素的多角度考察,同时也可以避免人为假设因素的影响及敏感特征因素的丢失。研究发现,会计师事务所的可持续发展和其自身的条件具有很强的相关性,优秀的会计师事务所应当从内涵发展和外延拓展方面实现做大做强。     

家族涉入调节下社会资本对企业创新的作用机制研究

基于社会资本相关研究的理论分析,重点探讨家族性社会资本与非家族性社会资本对企业创新的联合影响效应,以及这种联合效应是否强于家族性社会资本或非家族性社会资本个体效应。鉴于强大的控制联盟（即家族）的存在为组织环境中社会群体之间积极互惠影响创造了条件,还探讨了家族涉入在上述关系中的调节作用。运用偏最小二乘法（PLS）对318份调研问卷数据进行分析,结果表明：家族性社会资本与非家族性社会资本共同对家族企业创新产生积极影响,且联合影响效应优于家族性社会资本或非家族性社会资本的单一效应;家族控制对家族性社会资本和非家族性社会资本与企业创新的关系存在正向调节作用;代际参与对家族性社会资本和非家族性社会资本与企业创新的关系存在负向调节作用。     

流动性因素与中国股市的技术创新信息反馈——基于股价特质波动的实证研究

本文借鉴Chun等[1]的研究思路,实证检验技术创新投入是否能够在中国上市公司的股价特质波动中反馈为公司特质信息。考虑到中国市场微观结构中流动性因素对于资产定价的独特作用,我们建立引入流动性变量(以换手率度量)的资产定价模型来计算股价特质波动,然后在控制内生性的基础上检验技术创新投入与公司特质信息的关系。我们的研究表明:流动性因素对公司特质信息存在显著影响,但流动性成本不会影响公司创新投入。在控制了流动性因素后,技术创新的股价反馈效应表现虽然有所减弱,但仍然显著存在,说明创新投入能够在中国上市公司的股价特质波动中反映为公司特质信息。     

地方官员异地更替对企业R&D投资具有“挤出”效应吗?

本文揭示了领导干部异地交流这一制度安排对中国企业RD投资行为的影响。手工搜集了省级地方官员异地更替的相关经验数据,并结合2005~2007年中国工业企业数据中60多万个企业RD投资的相关数据,从实证角度考察了地方官员异地更替对辖区内RD投资行为的影响。结果发现:地方官员异地更替对企业,尤其是国有企业RD投资具有显著的"挤出"效应。进一步研究发现,市场化进程有利于弱化地方官员异地更替对企业,尤其是国有企业RD投资的"挤出"效应。此外,相对于非高新技术企业而言,地方官员异地更替对高新技术企业的RD投资产生更强的"挤出"效应。最后,地方官员异地更替对隶属关系特征不同的国有企业RD投资具有显著差异。本文的研究丰富和拓展了政府干预与RD投资理论的相关文献,为进一步理解地方官员干预企业RD投资和经济转型提供了新的经验证据。     

Overcoming the “recency trap” in customer relationship management

Purchase likelihood typically declines as the length of time since the customer’s previous purchase (“recency”) increases. As a result, firms face a “recency trap,” whereby recency increases for customers who do not purchase in a given period, making it even less likely they will purchase in the next period. Eventually the customer is effectively lost to the firm. We develop and illustrate a modeling approach to target a firm’s marketing efforts, keeping in mind the customer’s recency state. This requires an empirical model that predicts purchase likelihood as a function of recency and marketing, and a dynamic optimization that prescribes the most profitable way to target customers. In our application we find that customers’ purchase likelihoods as well as response to marketing depend on recency. These results are used to show that the targeting of email and direct mail should depend on the customer’s recency and that the optimal decision policy enables the average high recency customer, who currently is virtually worthless to the firm, to become profitable.