高技术企业知识体系概念框架及其内部互动模型——一个解释知识创新过程的新框架

企业知识是组织内部个人知识的集合体 ,但不是个人知识的简单加总。基于这个认识 ,本文构建了一个由知识员工、知识链和知识场构成的点、线、面互动的企业知识体系研究框架。高技术企业是追求持续知识创新的知识体系 ,知识创新通过知识点之间的互动完成 ,如同电荷之间的运动通过电场来进行 ,知识点通过知识场发生相互作用。本文提出了知识场的概念 ,分析了其与Nonaka的“巴”的区别与联系 ,并对其进行了分类。进一步的 ,根据高技术企业知识体系运行的基本路径 ,文章分别研究了体系内知识点通过知识场进行互动的基本模式与作用机制。文章试图提出一个能够解释知识创新过程的新框架。     

场效应理论与知识共享过程分析

在分析了知识共享的难点与场效应理论的基础上,针对场效应在知识共享过程中的作用提出了 知识场的概念,并通过场效应作用机理的分析,阐述了组织中行动性知识与认知性知识的共享过程,以及运 用场效应理论实现知识共享的模式。     

Sensitive translations: Sensitive dimension and knowledge within two craftsmen's workplaces

In our paper we address the issue of the relations between knowledge and the sensitive dimension by taking into account and comparing the contribution to the production of a chair deployed by two craftsmen working within the Italian design furniture industry sector.Relying on an ethnographic account of their work, we have been able to describe in detail the way in which the interaction among the bodies of the two craftsmen and those of the artifacts they contribute to develop takes place and gives way to innovation.By taking into account the role of bodies and the sensitive dimension we outline a contribution to Actor-Network Theory and its theory of knowledge.Indeed, in this article we propose a model of working knowledge in order to account for corporal interaction on the workplace. In our model there are two axes to describe the interactions among bodies. In the first one interaction moves from detail to the whole. In the second, interaction moves from an engaged position to a disengaged one. In so doing, we are able to draw a space of corporal knowledge. The craftsman's skill lies in his/her capacity to move within this space and to let knowledge grow while moving within it.     

Reprint of “Sensitive translations: Sensitive dimension and knowledge within two craftsmen's workplaces”

In our paper we address the issue of the relations between knowledge and the sensitive dimension by taking into account and comparing the contribution to the production of a chair deployed by two craftsmen working within the Italian design furniture industry sector.Relying on an ethnographic account of their work, we have been able to describe in detail the way in which the interaction among the bodies of the two craftsmen and those of the artifacts they contribute to develop takes place and gives way to innovation.By taking into account the role of bodies and the sensitive dimension we outline a contribution to Actor-Network Theory and its theory of knowledge.Indeed, in this article we propose a model of working knowledge in order to account for corporal interaction on the workplace. In our model there are two axes to describe the interactions among bodies. In the first one interaction moves from detail to the whole. In the second, interaction moves from an engaged position to a disengaged one. In so doing, we are able to draw a space of corporal knowledge. The craftsman's skill lies in his/her capacity to move within this space and to let knowledge grow while moving within it.     

标杆管理模式下的知识共享研究

标杆管理的知识共享可以促使企业标杆的选择、标杆内容的确定和企业创新。影响标杆竞争对手间知识共享的因素包括环境洞察能力、组织学习能力、资源配置能力和结果指标——模仿创新能力。分析标杆管理的知识共享因素的关系,建立多目标优化模型,优化知识共享系统,为标杆管理的指标选定和标杆内容的确定提供支持。     

Text Analysis for Knowledge Graphs

The concept of knowledge graphs is introduced as a method to represent the state of the art in a specific scientific discipline. Next the text analysis part in the construction of such graphs is considered. Here the ‘translation’ from text to graph takes place. The method that is used here is compared to methods used in other approaches in which texts are analysed.     

Extrinsic motivation as a determinant of knowledge exchange in sales teams: A social network approach

This paper investigates extrinsic motivation as a determinant of knowledge exchange among employees in sales teams. Applying a social network approach, we study different forms of knowledge-exchange behaviors from the perspective of a focal employee and from the perspective of the dyad. From the focal employees' perspective, we disentangle knowledge seeking from knowledge providing, and argue that these two behaviors are affected differently by employees' extrinsic motivation. From the dyad perspective, we take similarity in motivation of tied-to employees and reciprocity of exchange ties into account. To test our hypotheses, we apply exponential random graph models to data gathered from 138 employees in five different sales teams distributed across three companies in Central Europe. The results of our analysis from the focal employees' perspective show that extrinsically motivated employees generally engage in less knowledge exchange. The dyad perspective further highlights that sales employees proceed purposefully when they exchange knowledge with coworkers. For instance, two employees' relative levels of extrinsic motivation determine their willingness to engage in reciprocal knowledge exchange. We discuss the implications of our findings for research on the microfoundations of organizational knowledge management and draw conclusions concerning HRM practices used to foster extrinsic motivation, thereby affecting knowledge exchange.     

物流专业知识与物流实践关系分析

十二五期间,物流业对国民经济的推动作用将更加明显。实现这一推动作用的关键,就在于充分发挥物流技术专业人员＂人力资本＂的支撑功能。物流专业技术人员＂人力资本＂的形成,首先来源于高校专业知识的习得。同时,物流专业知识应与物流实践相匹配。因此,在狭义及外延化的物流专业知识内涵下,分析物流专业知识与物流实践的关系;揭示出二者之间的互动关系;最终,针对物流企业对物流人员的能力要求,在物流专业知识上展开适应性的增进与调整,就显得格外重要。     

加强知识管理 提升企业核心竞争力

在知识经济时代,企业的核心竞争力体现为知识的竞争力。企业要在日趋激烈的市场竞争中获得长久的竞争优势,必须加强对核心竞争力的培育。文章从知识管理和企业核心竞争力的内涵入手,对知识管理与企业核心竞争力的关系进行分析,并就如何实施知识管理来构筑企业核心竞争力提出见解。     

高新技术企业研发人员激励因素回顾与实证构想

高新技术企业研发人员激励因素主要体现为薪酬激励因素、知识分享激励因素和职业发展激励因素。这三种激励因素与研发人员工作满意度的关系可以通过构建概念模型、提出相关假设以及进行变量测度来进行实证研究。     

"知识与城市经济增长"文献综述

知识的集聚与溢出在城市经济增长中发挥着重要的作用,经济增长理论各个学派对于知识要素的作用均有不同程度的论证.在将知识的内涵与分类进行归纳整理的基础上,对现有文献进行了梳理,明确了知识与城市经济增长的关系,为城市经济的持续发展提供了理论基石.     

加强知识管理 提升企业核心竞争力

在知识经济时代,企业的核心竞争力体现为知识的竞争力。企业要在日趋激烈的市场竞争中获得长久的竞争优势,必须加强对核心竞争力的培育。文章从知识管理和企业核心竞争力的内涵入手,对知识管理与企业核心竞争力的关系进行分析,并就如何实施知识管理来构筑企业核心竞争力提出见解。     

A model of project knowledge management

Knowledge is the most important resource needed for project management. The aim of this article is to present a full, consistent model of project knowledge management. There are two basic types of project knowledge: micro‐knowledge, needed for performing a single task (or its part), and macro‐knowledge (in other words, all the knowledge possessed by people from a given organizational level). Project knowledge is managed at four distinct levels: individual, project, organization, and global. The article describes the micro‐knowledge life cycle and macro‐knowledge life cycles from each organizational level, as well as the processes of vertical knowledge flow between organizational levels.     

创新型大学一流学科及知识网络建设研究

国外创新型大学的发展趋势为中国以"理工科"见长的高水平研究型大学建设世界一流大学提供了重要借鉴。建设创新型大学首先要建设一流学科。创新型大学一流学科的本质是学科围绕知识传播、知识生产、知识应用所形成的特定的连结机制,是学科围绕知识创新活动所形成的各种正式和非正式合作关系的总体结构,其生成是学科知识传播网络、知识生产网络、知识应用网络三网互动融合的结果,表现为三螺旋互动、网络效应、持续创新三个典型特征。     

IT外包项目中知识转移影响因素的多案例研究——基于IT外包服务提供商的视角

有效的知识转移对IT外包项目的成功具有重要意义,也在促进IT外包服务提供商团队能力成长方面发挥着重要作用,然而现有文献对IT外包项目中知识转移的影响因素还缺乏系统的理论分析和实证研究。IT外包项目中的知识转移涉及范围广、因素复杂,具有很强的情境依赖性,鉴于此,本文基于IT外包服务提供商的视角,通过多案例的实证研究,识别、归纳出了影响知识转移的关键因素,包括四个方面、9个变量,分别是:IT外包服务提供商因素(团队人格特质、团队氛围、吸收能力、获取意愿)、客户方因素(客户方支持)、双方互动因素(沟通、和谐关系)和控制机制因素(正式控制、非正式控制)。本研究形成的整合概念模型丰富了IT外包研究和知识转移研究领域的成果。     

基于知识视角的集群核心企业动态竞争优势的来源及构建

集群核心企业的动态竞争优势对周边中小企业及整个集群的发展起到举足轻重的作用。本文基于集群核心企业及有关动态竞争优势的研究,从知识的角度探寻核心企业在其成长过程中从集群中获得的共享性资源,并分析这些共享性资源与核心企业动态竞争优势的来源——知识之间的关系,深入探究核心企业如何通过学习机制构建其动态竞争优势。     

Learning from the world? Horizontal knowledge flows and geopolitics in international consulting firms

This paper examines the nature of the contemporary multinational corporation (MNC) through a study of the use of knowledge management systems (KMS) in four major international consulting firms. In particular, we explore whether and how such systems facilitate horizontal (inter-subsidiary) flows of knowledge, as described in the network view of the MNC. Our analysis reveals the presence of horizontal flows within the four firms, but flows that are contextually constrained and partly shaped by geopolitical power relations. Thus, our study gives some support to the image of the MNC as a network whilst highlighting the contextual limits of horizontal knowledge transfer and, importantly, the geopolitical conditions under which such knowledge transfer takes place. At the same time, it challenges the claim that consulting firms are model organizations in the area of knowledge management as well as the more negative view that questions the ability of KMS to facilitate knowledge transfer.     

Organizational knowledge and the manufacturing strategy process: A resource-based view analysis

The current competitive environment is characterized by new sources of information, new technologies, new management practices, new competitors, and shorter product life cycles, which highlights the importance of organizational knowledge in manufacturing companies. We integrate some of those knowledge-based approaches seeking to understand how aspects related to cross-functional orientation, new technologies, and increasing access to information affect manufacturing strategy. In this paper, “know-what” (where to find the needed information) and “know-how” (how to run operations smoothly) are considered key components of organizational knowledge in the process of manufacturing strategy formulation. Assuming that knowledge accumulation may lead to competitive advantage, we propose a model of manufacturing strategy process from a resource-based view perspective. We used a survey to collect field data from 104 companies. The results indicate that cross-functional activities integrate manufacturing knowledge and contribute to the creation of valuable and rare product characteristics.     

Knowledge flow and inter-firm networks: The influence of network resources,spatial proximity and firm size

The objective of this paper is to analyse the characteristics and nature of the networks that firms utilize to access knowledge and facilitate innovation. The paper draws on the notion of network resources, distinguishing two types: social capital–consisting of the social relations and networks held by individuals; and network capital–consisting of the strategic and calculative relations and networks held by firms. The methodological approach consists of a quantitative analysis of data from a survey of firms operating in knowledge-intensive sectors of activity. The key findings include: social capital investment is more prevalent among firms frequently interacting with actors from within their own region; social capital investment is related to the size of firms; firm size plays a role in knowledge network patterns; and network dynamism is an important source of innovation. Overall, firms investing more in the development of their inter-firm and other external knowledge networks enjoy higher levels of innovation. It is suggested that an over-reliance on social capital forms of network resource investment may hinder the capability of firms to manage their knowledge networks. It is concluded that the link between a dynamic inter-firm network environment and innovation provides an alternative thesis to that advocating the advantage of network stability.     

Monotone dependence in graphical models for multivariate Markov chains

We show that a deeper insight into the relations among marginal processes of a multivariate Markov chain can be gained by testing hypotheses of Granger noncausality, contemporaneous independence and monotone dependence. Granger noncausality and contemporaneous independence conditions are read off a mixed graph, and the dependence of an univariate component of the chain on its parents—according to the graph terminology—is described in terms of stochastic dominance criteria. The examined hypotheses are proven to be equivalent to equality and inequality constraints on some parameters of a multivariate logistic model for the transition probabilities. The introduced hypotheses are tested on real categorical time series.