两种属性的积极财政政策及其选择

积极的财政政策是一种扩张性的财政政策，但由于政策目标与政策结构的差异，将会形成效率型与稳定型两种属性的积极财政政策，而它们又将从不同的层面影响经济增长与就业增长的关系，进而导致不同的政策效果。1998年以来，我国所实行的效率型积极财政政策在一定程度上加剧了就业的严峻形势。为了扩大就业，促进再就业，保证改革的稳定环境，我国的积极财政政策应由“效率型”转向“稳定为主兼顾效率”的复合型积极财政政策。     

消费型税种减税的经济增长影响:一个模型分析

消费型税种是我国的主体税种和主要税收来源,包括增值税、营业税和消费税等。在我国经济增长速度减缓和2012年实施积极财政政策的背景下,对消费型税种合理减税是积极财政政策的工具之一,那么消费型税种减税对经济增长的影响究竟如何?本文运用均衡商业周期模型分析发现消费型税种通过降低税率的减税可以增加家庭的消费量,增加劳动的数量和生产中使用的资本存量数量,从而促进以实际GDP产出衡量的经济总量的提高。在此模型分析基础上,本文对我国消费型税种的减税措施提出政策建议。     

我国宏观经济政策与经济波动的实证研究

本文根据Granger因果检验和联立方程模型，利用我国1985—2003年的年度统计数据，对我国宏观经济政策与经济波动之间的关系进行了实证分析。研究结果表明，消费政策、投资政策和外贸政策对经济波动影响的显著性水平要高于财政政策和货币政策对经济波动影响的显著性水平，影响我国经济波动的关键政策并不是财政政策和货币政策，而是消费政策、投资政策和外贸政策。     

新一轮积极财政政策刍议

受全球金融危机的影响,近期我国许多主要经济指标增速骤然下降,为了保持经济又好又快的发展,我国实施了新一轮积极的财政政策。从"十项新政"可以看出新一轮积极财政政策的重点是以扩大消费需求为核心,以加快改革为重点,综合运用各种财政手段,配合金融政策和其他手段,以改善经济结构和拉动经济增长。     

财政政策冲击对实体经济的总体和结构性影响分析

财政政策的选择与变动会对宏观经济的总体和产出的各组成部分产生冲击,本文利用SVAR模型度量了财政政策冲击,并将财政政策的自动效应和相机抉择效应进行区分。随后,分别考察了政府支出和税收变动对总体经济的影响和对产出的结构性影响,进一步借助"冲击-反应"函数,模拟出系统中总需求各部分对财政政策冲击的动态反应,同时借助方差分解确定财政政策冲击对关键变量的预测误差贡献度。我们发现:其一,在我国,政府支出具有逆周期的特征,政府支出的变动对于熨平经济波动、调节总需求具有明显效果。其二,我国政府支出和税收冲击会同向影响到产出水平,但对价格的作用方向并不明确。其三,政府支出政策对消费和投资的影响更为明显;税收政策对出口的影响相对明显。因此,财政政策中政府支出对内需的作用比较显著,而税收对于外部需求的影响则相对更大一些。     

积极财政政策背景下的税收政策评析

政府工作报告强调,2021年我国将继续实施积极的财政政策,保持对疫后经济恢复的必要支持力度,但积极的财政政策要提质增效、更可持续.本文从税收的视角,论述在积极的财政政策背景下,我国税收政策对经济恢复发展的作用、目前面临的主要问题以及相关税收对策建议.     

从蒙代尔一弗莱明模型看我国财政政策与货币政策的配合

按照蒙代尔一弗莱明模型的分析,在有效需求严重不足时,应采用财政政策和货币政策的"双松"搭配.从我国近年所实施的积极财政政策和稳健货币政策来看,确实对拉动经济增长发挥了重要作用,但两者在配合操作中还存在一定问题.面对不稳定的国际环境,若要实现经济增长,我国须采用财政政策和货币政策的"双松"组合,而且还需进一步加强两者之间的协调配合.     

配合积极的财政政策 完善和发展我国国债发行市场

一、积极的国债政策是实现积极财政政策调控目标,促进经济增长的重要手段和保证 　　从目前情况看,减税政策的实施缺乏应有的财力基础,也存在太大的下调余地,尚难产生明显的需求扩张效应。数据表明,虽然近年我国税收绝对额有较大增长,但占 GDP的份额却逐年下降,由 1986年的 20． 49％下降到 1998年的 10． 3％,财政支出捉襟见肘,普遍减税无疑会使本己困难重重的财政状况雪上加霜。在此条件下,实施积极的财政政策主要的扩张手段就是采取积极的国债政策,适当扩大国债发行规模,增加并合理安排政府公共投资支出,以加大政府拉动民…     

小议我国税收收入影响因素

改革开放以来,随着我国经济体制一步步改革和经济的快速增长,财政政策在经济中越来越重要的作用,而作为财政政策的重要因素税收状况也发生了巨大的变化,从1978年的519.28亿元增长到了2007年的45621.97亿元,30年内增长了87.86倍。因此为了研究影响中国税收收入增长的主要原因,预测我国未来的税收状况,建立计量经济模型。     

小议我国税收收入影响因素

改革开放以来,随着我国经济体制一步步改革和经济的快速增长,财政政策在经济中越来越重要的作用,而作为财政政策的重要因素税收状况也发生了巨大的变化,从1978年的519.28亿元增长到了2007年的45621.97亿元,30年内增长了87.86倍。因此为了研究影响中国税收收入增长的主要原因,预测我国未来的税收状况,建立计量经济模型。     

Debt and Taxes and Uncertainty

With a graduated personal tax schedule, Miller showed that there could be an equilibrium debt supply for the corporate sector as a whole. In the presence of uncertainty there is also a unique debt/equity ratio for each individual firm, and this ratio is related to the firm's operational risk characteristics. However, if firms merge and spin off in response to tax incentives, the identity of firms is ambiguous and only the corporate sector is a meaningful construct. These arguments are developed in both discrete and continuous models that employ extensions of the arbitrage-free pricing theory.     

教育与资本怎样的前景怎样的现实

来自政府的声音: "动员各种社会资源,发展教育" 此次论坛上财政部长助理张少春的发言是最受关注的发言之一.他的演讲传达出的信息有这样几方面:第一,谈到现实,他认为全社会对教育的巨大需求与我国公共投入不足已成为我国教育事业发展的突出矛盾.近年来,以公共部门投入为主,多渠道筹措教育经费的教育投入机制成为解决这一问题的重要途径,也使得公共部门与私营部门在教育领域的合作日益密切.第二,谈到前景,他认为,1.中国经济持续、快速的增长对高技能人才产生巨大的需求,这为私营部门的参与提供了广阔空间.2.随着公共财政职能的不断完善,财政资金将在各项教育事业中重新进行分配,进一步优化财政支出结构,提高资金的使用效率.在"十一五"期间,我国将把公共支出的重点转移到农村.我们将逐步把全体农村适龄儿童的义务教育全部纳入公共财政体制.     

Director gender and mergers and acquisitions

Does director gender influence CEO empire building? Does it affect the bid premium paid for target firms? Less overconfident female directors less overestimate merger gains. As a result, firms with female directors are less likely to make acquisitions and if they do, pay lower bid premia. Using acquisition bids by S&P 1500 companies during 1997–2009 we find that each additional female director is associated with 7.6% fewer bids, and each additional female director on a bidder board reduces the bid premium paid by 15.4%. Our findings support the notion that female directors help create shareholder value through their influence on acquisition decisions. We also discuss other possible interpretations of our findings.     

Political corruption and mergers and acquisitions

This research examines the relation between political corruption and mergers and acquisitions (M&As). We find that local corruption increases firm acquisitiveness but decreases firm targetiveness. The levels of corruption in acquirer areas relate positively to the bid premiums and negatively to the likelihood of deal completion. Corruption motivates acquiring firms to use excess cash for payment, which mitigates the negative effect of corruption on acquirer shareholder value. The evidence indicates that acquisitions help acquiring firms convert cash into hard-to-extract assets and relocate assets from the high to low corruption areas, thereby shielding their liquid assets from expropriation by local officials.     

Trust and cross-border mergers and acquisitions

A number of studies suggest that social trust matters for investment. Using different measures of trust from World Values Survey, we show that countries where people display higher levels of trust engage in more cross-border M&A activities. When they do, these acquirers pay lower premiums. To the extent that these acquirers also tend to engage in larger acquisitions as well, our findings suggest that a larger selection pool of potential targets and higher value targets enable these acquirers to negotiate for lower premiums. We do not find evidence of the significant effect for target country trust levels. Hence, trust may benefit those acquiring firms in cross-border transactions.     

Tournament-based incentives and mergers and acquisitions

This research examines the relation between tournament-based incentives, which are proxied by the difference between a firm's CEO pay and the median pay of the senior managers, and mergers and acquisitions (M&As). We find that tournament-based incentives are positively related to firm acquisitiveness and acquiring firms' stock and operating performance. Further analysis indicates that positive acquisition performance increases the likelihood of the CEO being promoted from inside the acquiring firm. Our evidence is consistent with the view that tournament-based incentives motivate acquiring firms' managers to make greater efforts and take more risk that result in superior acquisition performance.     

Corporate Innovations and Mergers and Acquisitions

Using a large and unique patent‐merger data set over the period 1984 to 2006, we show that companies with large patent portfolios and low R&D expenses are acquirers, while companies with high R&D expenses and slow growth in patent output are targets. Further, technological overlap between firm pairs has a positive effect on transaction incidence, and this effect is reduced for firm pairs that overlap in product markets. We also show that acquirers with prior technological linkage to their target firms produce more patents afterwards. We conclude that synergies obtained from combining innovation capabilities are important drivers of acquisitions.     

East and west and north and south : A preliminary model

The Brandt report and other proposals for a new North-South world order continue to be the focus of lively debate, yet it is often argued that little concrete has emerged from their recommendations. A major reason for this, the author argues, is that the East-West conflict component is not sufficiently taken into consideration-East-West tensions are a severe constraint on and a determining factor of North-South relations. Using influence diagrams, the author develops a flexible framework for discussion and assessment of N/S-E/W relations.