中国的贸易开放与工资收入差距——来自微观数据的经验研究

文章运用CHIP1988、1995和2002年的数据,从工资收入的技能溢价和行业溢价方面考察了高技能与低技能劳动者之间的工资收入差距。结果表明:劳动力市场上的工资收入差距扩大,且与劳动者的受教育程度有关,工资收入的组间不平等主要来源于具有较高受教育程度的劳动者;对于较高学历的劳动者来说,工资收入技能溢价的增长还受到所处行业的影响,并且行业内高技能与低技能劳动者的工资收入差距是减小的,验证了传统国际贸易理论提出的贸易开放缩小发展中国家的工资收入差距。     

全球价值链嵌入与技能溢价——基于中国微观企业数据的经验分析

本文基于中国微观企业数据,考察了企业嵌入全球价值链对劳动力工资技能溢价(技能与非技能劳动工资之比)的影响及其作用机制。研究表明:总体来看,企业嵌入全球价值链与技能溢价之间呈倒U型关系,即在全球价值链嵌入度较低时,企业提高价值链参与度将提升技能溢价;在全球价值链嵌入度较高时,则将缩小技能溢价。进一步的机制检验表明,这主要是由于企业参与全球价值链引起的技能结构(技能劳动占比)与利润率变化呈倒U型;异质性检验表明,全球价值链嵌入对技能溢价的影响因企业所在区域和所有制类型不同而呈现出显著的差异性。通过考察市场特征对技能溢价的调节作用,本文发现地区市场一体化会弱化全球价值链嵌入对技能溢价的提升效应,而最低工资制度则会强化这种效应。     

贸易自由化、相对价格效应与技能溢价

基于消费异质性的视角,考虑中间品和最终产品相对价格效应的影响,从消费维度剖析贸易自由化作用于技能溢价的内在传导机制。在此基础上,利用2001—2011年中国27个制造业细分行业的面板数据进行实证分析。结果表明:单从生产维度看,技能偏向型技术进步和外包均扩大了技能溢价,FDI和人力资本缩小了技能溢价。从消费维度看,贸易自由化扩大了技能溢价;如果考虑"相对价格效应"作用的影响,生产维度对技能溢价的影响被低估。"相对价格效应"存在显著的行业差异,与资本、技术密集型行业相比,劳动密集型行业中的这一效应显著。     

技能报酬溢价、人力资本投资与经济增长

本文以技能报酬溢价理论为基础,基于技能报酬溢价、人力资本投资和经济增长的相关关系,从就业人员中高技能劳动的比重、高技能劳动对经济增长的贡献和技能报酬溢价对技能劳动供需的影响等三个方面分析了中国的相关情况,得出结论:应该发挥技能报酬溢价调节技能相对供给的价格机制作用,促进人力资本投资的提高,并最终推动经济增长。     

贸易开放对技能溢价的影响:理论机制与中国实证

本文利用WIOD-SEA数据库公布的最新数据,基于价格传导机制的理论推演,采用“委托工资回归法”就贸易开放对中国不同技能工人的工资水平及技能溢价的影响进行了“两步法”实证检验.与国内已有研究相比较,本文有三点开创性的发现:第一,以关税减让为表征的贸易开放对中国国内产品价格具有显著的负向影响作用;第二,该作用传导至劳动力市场,导致中等技能工人工资水平的提高和低技能工人工资水平的下降,从而扩大了技能溢价;第三,上述实证结论在对标准误估计偏误进行修正后仍然显著成立.     

技能报酬溢价和技能供给分析

技能报酬溢价是指高技能劳动工资与低技能劳动工资之比,反映一国经济中的技能供求状况。技能供给可通过技能报酬溢价效应影响总产出。本文以技能报酬溢价和技能供给的这种相互作用为基础,结合实际分析了我国技能供给不足的成因,并就如何增加我国高技能劳动的供给提出了政策建议。     

劳动力技术禀赋与消费性服务业增长——来自中国省级层面的经验证据

基于劳动力技术禀赋演变的视角,分析高技术工人就业比重提高、技能溢价等效应对消费性服务业增长的影响。利用2004—2012年中国省级面板数据进行实证研究,结果表明:劳动力技术禀赋演变通过生产率效应、技能溢价效应促进了生活性服务业的增长,但这些效应对现代消费性服务业增长基本没有影响。为了推动中国服务业结构升级,不仅要减少服务业行政管制,还要提高服务业技术创新能力和人力资本水平。     

外资进入、劳动收入份额与技能工资溢价——来自2008年服务业企业普查数据的经验分析

运用2008年第二次全国经济普查服务业企业数据,文章实证检验了外资进入对服务业企业劳动收入份额和技能工资溢价的影响。结果显示外资企业存在更高的劳动收入份额,且外资进入程度对当地企业的劳动收入份额存在正向的外溢效应。文章进一步将不同所有制类型与技能劳动力占比的交互项引入工资方程,发现外资企业存在更高的技能工资溢价。我们进一步验证了外资进入对当地劳动力市场技能工资溢价的影响。结果表明,在那些外资渗透率较高、市场竞争相对激烈的地区和行业,外资企业的技能工资溢价现象会产生溢出效应,促使当地企业提高对高技能员工的薪酬待遇。因此,在合理发挥服务业外资进入对收入分配优化效应的同时,也要采取相关措施防止其进一步拉大工资差距。     

贸易开放对我国制造业工人工资的影响研究--来自个体微观调查的证据北大核心CSSCI

本文使用高度细化的关税数据和大样本人口抽样调查数据,实证研究了贸易开放对我国制造业工人的工资水平和技能溢价的影响。研究发现:在控制住个体微观特征、产业特征及地区特征后,贸易开放对我国制造业工人的工资水平有显著的促进作用;我国制造业的贸易开放对工人技能溢价有显著的降低效应;教育对我国制造业工人工资有显著的促进作用,国有单位工人获得更高工资,女性受到显著的性别歧视,同工不同酬现象明显存在。     

参与全球价值链分工、技能偏向性技术进步与技能溢价

以往的文献缺乏对全球价值链、技能偏向性技术进步与技能溢价三者之间因果机制的深入研究。基于此,文章首先建立了参与全球价值链分工影响工资不平等的理论模型,以中国服务业为研究对象,运用VAR和中介效应分析方法,实证研究参与全球价值链分工对中国技能溢价的作用机理。研究发现:中国服务业参与全球价值链分工以后,主要通过技能偏向性技术进步的中介作用来拉大高技能劳动力和低技能劳动力工资水平差距(技能溢价)。参与全球价值链分工对高技术密集型服务业技能溢价的促进作用最大,中技术密集型服务业其次,低技术密集型服务业最小。     

Exporting,demand for skills and skill mismatch: Evidence from employers' hiring practices

We exploit information from a classification of occupations to identify separately formal qualification requirements linked to a job and formal qualifications of a worker who filled the job for the universe of firms in Slovenia. We find that exporters were more likely to hire over‐qualified workers than they did prior to becoming exporters even though they did not change the qualification requirements of their vacancies. Firms were more likely to demand other skills (leadership, knowledge of foreign languages) once they began to export. These findings suggest that skill upgrading by exporters reflects differences in terms of skill demand as well as the way workers match to jobs. This distinction is blurred in existing studies on skill upgrading by exporters because these studies rely solely on the information about the qualifications of hired workers. Our findings are consistent with a framework in which firms become more productive and offer higher wages once they start to export, workers' qualifications and firms' productivity are complementary inputs, and search is costly.     

数理逻辑在物流技术上应用的教学技巧

物流技术在应用中需要离散数学的支持,数理逻辑是离散数学的重要组成部分,对于物流专业的学生来说,这部分内容是生疏的或者说是新奇的。     

The role of trade and offshoring in the determination of relative wages and child labour

Incorporating family decisions in a two-period model of the world economy, we predict that trade liberalization raises the skill premium and reduces child labour in developing countries where the adult labour force is sufficiently well educated to attract production activities from abroad that will increase the demand for skilled relative to unskilled labour. Elsewhere, liberalization will reduce the skill premium, but it will not necessarily raise child labour. Our prediction is not rejected by the data, and it explains why child labour is negatively associated with trade openness in those developing countries where the labour force was relatively well educated when the liberalization took place, but not elsewhere.     

民办本科院校高技能人才的培养模式初探——基于以提高能力为核心的物流人才培养模式的视角

随着物资流通市场主体向多元化发展,对物流效率和物流质量的要求越来越高,对物流人才的要求也随之提高,如何培养物流高技能人才不仅是十分紧迫的,而且是十分重要的。培养模式应按照整体改革思想的要求,对学生实施"三全"教学法,建立起适应物流高技能人才培养特点的教学管理新模式。     

Internationalising Professional Skill Development

ABSTRACT

Internationalisation of education, and more specifically tertiary education, all over the world has contributed to a significant overhaul in student composition. Parallel to this runs the need for graduates to leave university with a range of professional skills. In response to this, universities actively encourage the development of such skills in their programs by integrating the teaching and assessing of professional skills into academic programs. This paper reports on the efficacy of a professional skills program and its support structures as used in the Bachelor of Commerce degree program of a university. The paper outlines how the skills were taught and assessed in the International Management 375 unit and presents data on the changes in students' perceptions of their skill levels. The interpretation of the data is further differentiated on the base of gender, language and country of origin.     

本科物流管理专业“T”型技能人才培养思考

"T"型人才是指既有宽广知识面(用"—"表示),又有精深专业知识(用"丨"表示)的人才。本文主要针对物流管理专业本科层次,提出解决下面问题的思路:如何构建一个科学的课程体系,以培养真正满足企业基本技能需求且有较强发展潜力的"T"型人才。     

新进员工政治技能类群划分的实证研究

以来自12家企业的531名新入职员工为样本进行研究,依据他们在和谐人际、面子经营、能力型社交、形势机敏性和权术运用等政治技能5维度上的差异,通过聚类分析和单因素方差检验,得到4种政治技能群体：“自信天真、交际导向群”、“淡泊名利、形势导向群”、“正直独立、冷静导向群”、“技能全面,稳健导向群”,探索性地提出管理和辅导新进员工政治技能的政策建议,在有助于改善新员工政治技能的同时,对管理者提高政治技能管理水平、增强凝聚力和促进组织内部和谐有所裨益。     

Discontinuity of required oral and literacy skills across job roles in achieving high work performance: An fsQCA approach

This study explores how the English proficiency of local employees in foreign subsidiaries of multinational enterprises mitigates language barriers and improves their work performance. A research framework is developed by introducing the multidimensionality of foreign language proficiency and employing insights from applied linguistics, the brain-drain model, and media synchronicity theory. By using fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis for data analysis, this study finds that the relative importance of English literacy skill to oral skill in achieving high work performance varies across positions in foreign subsidiaries. Discontinuity of required linguistic skills between managerial and nonmanagerial positions implies that incremental development of a skill set required for lower positions does not assure successful capability development toward upper positions. This study also finds that competence that supports appropriate usage of English in a specific context plays an important role in mitigating language barriers and achieving high work performance.     

FDI and the skill premium in a North–South global economy

The effect of FDI from North to South countries on the skill premium of both groups of countries is examined. The lower wage of unskilled labor in the South induces the Northern firms to shift the unskilled labor intensive production processes in the South. FDI occurs in an unskilled labor intensive activity, but in a skill-intensive sector. It is shown that this leads to an increase in the skill premium of skilled labor in both North and South.     

我国出口企业重要技能的识别及其排序

根据对我国东部经贸发达地区的800家外贸企业所进行的问卷调查,采用主成分分析法识别出8大类共56项重要出口技能,8大类技能包括国际金融、国际营销、国际贸易政策与规则、国际贸易物流、国际结算、国际贸易战略管理、国际贸易调研和国际贸易实务;通过计算均值和标准差,对88项出口技能按重要性进行了排序。实证研究发现,我国外贸企业认为对于成功出口最重要的技能是国际贸易政策与规则、国际结算和国际贸易调研类技能。总体上,我国外贸企业更重视基本的金融技能和战略管理技能;对于国际营销技能重要项目的整总体评价一般甚至有些偏低;同其他国家企业的情况相比,我国外贸企业对国际贸易物流和国际贸易实务技能的重视程度相对较低。