New trends in mergers and acquisitions: Idiosyncrasies of the European market

While policy makers link the recent increase of M&A activity in Europe to the benefits of European legislation and European institutions to create a fertile ground for acquisitions in Europe, others deny the benefit of regional integration. This study evaluates the characteristics and the key determinants of the likelihood of completion of M&As in the European Union between 1997 and 2007. The results of this study suggest that M&As in Europe feature unique characteristics, while still suffering from country-specific challenges. In Europe the deal attitude and the presence of competing bids are more important for the completion of a deal than the deal origin, the payment method, or industry regulation. The reported idiosyncrasies of M&A in Europe seem to arise not merely from European regulations about acquisitions, but mostly from the structural characteristics of the European business environment.     

Bank merger and acquisitions activity in the EU: much ado about nothing?

This paper investigates the patterns of consolidation within the European banking industry and examines the efficiency of the banks involved in the merger and acquisitions (M&A) activity to determine whether their performance improved as a result of M&A decisions. The performance of these banks is compared with that of other large banks, which have chosen alternative routes of development. The period covered is 1998 to 2004. The findings suggest that banks involved in M&A activity are more efficient after the M&A or when compared with other large banks. Country-specific characteristics appear to play an important role in explaining the results.     

When is informed trading more prevalent?—An examination of options trading around Indian M&A announcements

This study examines the prevalence of informed trading around proximate-date versus far-date mergers and acquisitions (M&As). Further, different options strategies pursued by informed traders in proximate-date M&As are identified. The results highlight that proximate-date M&As are associated with a significantly higher level of informed trading vis-à-vis far-date M&As. Results on the choice of options strategies highlight that risk-averse, informed traders may pursue a straddle strategy to profit from their private information, while risk-seeking, informed traders may use a vertical call spread strategy. Informed traders desirous of hedging their existing positions may employ a protective put strategy.     

中国企业跨国并购交易完成率决定因素分析

本文通过对2000~2015年期间804起中国企业宣告的跨国并购交易作为样本研究发现,并购目标的选择会影响中国企业跨国并购交易完成的可能性。从宏观层面来看,东道国/地区的制度质量与跨国并购交易成功的可能性正相关。从目标方企业特征来看,作为目标企业,如果是私人目标会增加跨国并购交易完成的可能性。从交易特征来看,如果收购采用现金支付方式会减少中国企业跨国并购交易完成的可能性。     

HRD involvement in the investigative phase of a merger & acquisition

This qualitative study describes the involvement of human resource development (HRD) professionals in the investigative phase of merger and acquisitions (M&As). Telephone interviews were completed with 38 HRD professionals and 17 business managers in 12 organizations that had undergone M&As between 1996 and 1999. The results show that there is some cognizance between business managers and HRD professionals on what HRD professionals do during an M&A. What is most significant, however is that the activities identified by both business managers and HRD professionals are all human-capital related; this shows that business managers and some organizations are not only involved in finance related but also human capital due-diligence during an M&A. The study results show that M&A activities are team-oriented and HRD professionals need to be prepared to work in different projects during an M&A, especially during the investigative phase. The notion that HRD professionals will be solely working on HRD-related activities is non-existent during the investigative phase of an M&A.     

Mergers and Acquisitions and Market Volatility of Brazilian Banking Stocks: An Application of GARCH Models

The main objective of this research was to investigate the impacts caused by announcements of mergers and acquisitions (M&As) on the volatility of the returns of Brazilian bank stocks from 1994 to 2015. In order to achieve the proposed objective, this study applied Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedastic (GARCH) class models to the series to model their volatility. Our results confirmed the impact of the announcement of M&As on volatility. They suggest that M&A announcements are expected to cause a negative reaction if related to an expansion or a deal involving a less-well known bank, and a positive reaction if it involves well-known bank with good reputation—a higher level of confidence and a lower level of information asymmetry for investors.     

促进民营企业跨国并购的对策研究

跨国并购是中国民营企业跨国发展的重要方式之一。现阶段，中国民营企业跨国并购的主要特点是并购规模小。造成这种现象的主要原因在于民营企业跨国并购面临着所有制歧视、企业制度、法律和中介机构不完善等方面的障碍。只有通过采取建立扶持政策、完善监管体系、法律体系和非政府支持体系等方面的措施，中国民营企业跨国并购才能获得更大的发展。     

Unpacking Institutional Distance: Addressing Human Capital Development and Emerging‐Market Firms’ Ownership Strategy in an Advanced Economy

As latecomers to global business competition, emerging‐market multinational companies (EMNCs) utilize cross‐border mergers and acquisitions (M&As) to quickly acquire strategic assets, resulting in an improved competitive position. Advanced markets with well‐established firms and well‐developed market‐supporting institutions become particularly important destinations for EMNCs’ foreign operations. Institutional distance, which represents conflicting legitimacy requirements between the host and home institutional environments, is expected to be negatively associated with the foreign acquirer's ownership position. The current study examines a sample of EMNCs’ cross‐border M&As in the United States between 2005 and 2011 and reveals the unique nature of EMNCs’ ownership strategies. Taking both formal and informal institutions into consideration, our findings suggest that EMNCs originating in countries with lower levels of human capital development may have more urgency in seeking ownership control in advanced markets and are less influenced by the negative association of institutional distance in their ownership strategy. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The emotions of top managers and key persons in cross-border M&As: Evidence from a longitudinal case study

Building on prior research on emotions in M&A, this paper analyses the post-M&A emotions of top managers and key persons from the acquired company by examining what triggers emotions during the post-acquisition integration stage, and what the consequences of those emotions are. This study applies cognitive appraisal and affective event theories with empirical evidence based on a longitudinal, single case study of an Indian–Finnish acquisition. The main findings imply that M&As are very emotional for top managers and key persons. Our findings reveal that they experience a wide range of positive and negative emotions triggered by individual and company-level triggers. Interestingly various triggers can have different and opposite appraisal outcomes in the short and long-term. In addition, top managers and key persons are often restricted in the range of behavioural outcomes caused by emotions.     

Useful Web Sites for International Business Communication Education

Abstract

The World Wide Web presents many opportunities for improving the instructional quality of international business communication related classes by providing access to a large variety of information sources. These sources can be used as supplements to traditional texts, as the basis for specific program assignments, or even as the main focus of a course. An especially useful aspect of these sites is that they can improve information recency and depth when compared with sole reliance on traditional texts. Unfortunately, the sheer quantity of available Web pages can make it difficult to find appropriate sites for a given international business communication topic. To assist educators in locating such relevant sites, we offer summaries and addresses for pages in some of the major areas of international business communication. These selections were chosen both for their relevance to international business communication training and evaluation by Cornell's suggested quality criteria. The article concludes with a discussion of potential applications, problems, and implications for web based international business communication instruction.     

A comparative ownership advantage framework for cross-border M&As: The rise of Chinese and Indian MNEs

MNEs from emerging economies (EE MNEs) have recently undertaken aggressive cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&As). This phenomenon challenges the current understanding in the international business literature. Integrating the comparative advantage theory with Dunning's OLI paradigm, this article develops a comparative ownership advantage framework characterized by five attributes: (1) national-industrial factor endowments, (2) dynamic learning, (3) value creation, (4) reconfiguration of value chain, and (5) institutional facilitation and constraints. We test five propositions with a dataset of 1526 cross-border M&As by Chinese and Indian MNEs from 2000 to 2008. Preliminary results support the new comparative ownership advantage framework.     

Mergers and acquisitions & trade: A global value chain analysis

The present paper deals with how the insertion in international trade and global value chains (GVCs) of countries affects their capacity of attracting foreign mergers and acquisitions (M&As). To this end, we combine data for bilateral M&As and trade in value added for the period 2001–15 and estimate an augmented gravity equation. Results indicate that trade openness per se does not favour M&As. Nevertheless, bilateral free trade agreements, heterogeneity of destinations (sources) for exports (imports) of intermediate and final goods, and position and participation in global value chains are relevant for explaining bilateral M&As. Moreover, their role is significantly different depending on the level of development of the home and host countries.     

对外贸易活动中的跨文化交际问题研究

跨文化交际是对外贸易活动的必然,文化差异在对外贸易活动中表现在语言行为、非语言行为、价值观和风俗习惯等方面的差异。在对外贸易活动中,要意识到跨国交易中的文化差异并加以克服,同时进行积极的跨文化沟通和交际,首先应当树立文化差异意识,努力提高外语水平,坚持相互尊重、公正平等的原则和加强交流与沟通。     

风险投资对企业并购决策的影响及作用机制

近年来,伴随着并购市场的快速发展及股权投资退出渠道的多元化,风险投资参与的并购决策事件大幅增多。本文以我国创业板上市企业完成的并购事件为研究样本,系统研究风险投资对企业并购频次、并购支付方式及多元化并购行为等方面的影响及其作用机制。结果发现,风险投资能够通过抑制管理层过度自信进而降低并购方的频繁并购行为;得益于风险投资对并购中信息不对称的缓解,目标方接受有风险投资背景的企业以非现金方式作为并购支付对价的概率更高;此外,风险投资通过提升企业内部控制有效性,使得有风险投资背景的企业更偏好于进行同行业并购,以优化企业并购目标选择及实现企业规模效应。     

我国兼并重组政策的实施效果——以上市公司为例

以2005—2016年沪深A股上市公司以及2005—2019年沪深A股上市公司并购绩效数据为样本,以我国2010年出台的促进企业兼并重组的政策为切入点,综合运用面板二值选择模型、泊松模型、动态面板模型等方法,从企业并购微观层面考察兼并重组政策的实施效果。研究发现,从数量上来看,兼并重组政策颁布后激励了企业并购,提高了企业并购的概率和并购数量;从质量上来看,虽然企业并购后短期绩效提高,但从长期绩效来看,企业并购后民营企业和地方国有企业长期财务绩效下降,中央企业长期财务绩效提高。进一步研究发现,兼并重组政策通过缓解融资约束的途径弱化了兼并重组政策和并购绩效的负相关关系,提高了并购企业的长期财务绩效;但通过政府补贴手段强化了兼并重组政策和并购绩效的负相关关系,进一步降低了并购企业的长期财务绩效。研究结论意味着兼并重组政策的颁布对不同所有权性质的企业实施效果不同,中央企业在兼并重组政策颁布后企业并购的概率和数量增多,并购绩效提高;而民营企业和地方国有企业在兼并重组政策颁布后虽然并购的概率和数量增多,但是从质量来看长期财务绩效下降。     

我国企业跨国并购的整合风险及应对之策

近年来,我国企业在实践“走出去”战略的过程中,大胆尝试跨国并购,颇有收获。但是,不少企业在跨国并购整合风险的问题上存在着理论和实践误区,它们常常仅关注并购本身,轻视整合,从而使不少前景看好的并购,最终以失败告终。因此,本文借鉴国际企业的并购经验,联系我国企业跨国并购的实践,拟就我国企业跨国并购的现状、特点、整合风险及对策,做一探讨。     

Institutional investors and cross-border mergers and acquisitions: The 2000–2018 period

Using a sample of mergers and acquisitions (M&As) from 26 countries over 2000–2018, we find that domestic institutional investors facilitate both domestic and cross-border M&As. The facilitation effect is more pronounced for domestic than cross-border M&As. When the acquirer country has greater financial freedom or better investor protection than the target country, domestic institutional investors facilitate cross-border M&As more effectively. As Ordinary Least Squares regressions are not the best approach regarding cross-border M&As, we confirm that the main results are robust to Zero-inflated Poisson regressions. Foreign institutional investors' influence on cross-border M&As is stronger when the sample excludes the United States.     

Exploring the factors influencing the negotiation process in cross-border M&A

This research study provides an empirical examination of the impact of national cultural distance, organizational cultural differences, communication, and planned employee retention on the effectiveness of negotiation process in the cross-border mergers & acquisitions (M&As). We developed and tested a conceptual framework of negotiation process in order to provide a framework for analysis of the key components of the negotiation process in the cross border M&A. The findings indicate that communication positively influence antecedent and concurrent phase of negotiation process. In addition, national cultural distance and organizational cultural differences negatively influence the effectiveness of concurrent phase. We also found that national cultural distance moderates the relationship between communication and effectiveness of concurrent phase of the negotiation process, as such that the positive effect of communication is lower when national cultural distance is higher. Furthermore, we found that planned employee retention positively affect the effectiveness of concurrent phase. Finally, the effectiveness of concurrent phase positively influence the effectiveness of consequent phase i.e. M&A agreement. The contribution of this study lies in providing new insights on negotiation-associated factors for incumbent executives, in order to enable them to better plan and implement cross-border mergers and acquisition deals.     

我国商业银行并购前景与机制完善

并购是商业银行实现规模经营增强竞争能力的重要手段.面对全球银行业并购浪潮和2006年底我国金融业开放时间表的临近,涉及我国商业银行的并购案在过去几年已经明显增加.本文以我国近年来银行业并购现状为切入点,总结当前我国商业银行并购的特征,分析展望我国银行业并购前景,指出要加快我国银行业并购步伐,有关部门还需创造更加有利的条件,从外部环境和内部条件两方面共同完善我国商业银行并购机制.     

Impact of the female board members and gaps in linguistic gender marking on cross-border M&A

This research focuses on how the gender composition of a multinational board and linguistic gender marking gaps between home and host countries impact the extent of cross-border M&A activity. We argue, both theoretically and empirically, that the presence of female directors impacts cross-border M&As. Using an instrumental variable approach, we demonstrate that this effect is causal. Innovatively, we measure gaps in linguistic gender marking between home and host countries, and find that larger gaps also reduce cross-border M&As. Finally, we show that small gaps in linguistic gender marking moderate the effect of female presence in boardroom on cross-border M&As. ‎