Optimal Tariffs with Endogenous Production Location

This paper attempts to examine how the inclusion of economic space affects trade policies and to make a comparison between optimal tariffs with endogenous location and those with exogenous location. In particular, it is shown that the output effect of a tariff change with endogenous location is greater than that with exogenous location if the production function is non-CRS. Moreover, when the production function is CRS (resp. not CRS), the optimal tariff under endogenous location is the same as (lower than) the one under exogenous location.     

欠发展地区旅游区位的渐变与重构——以湖北省恩施州来凤县为例

针对欠发展地区旅游规划中旅游区位的变化以及影响区位变化的因素等问题进行了探讨。依据旅游区位研究中四个区位断面的理论,以恩施土家族苗族自治州来凤县为例,对该地旅游区位的渐变及引起渐变的诸多因素进行分析,认为,旅游业关联性极强的特点也同样适用于旅游区位的分析,政府发展战略的变化、周边旅游目的地建设情况的改变、交通条件的变化、游客审美和消费趋向的变化都有可能使旅游区位发生渐变与重构。旅游区位发生渐变与重构对中国许多欠发展地区的旅游开发,有较大现实意义。     

我国区位优势对制造业集聚影响的实证研究

对我国29个省(自治区、直辖市)的区位优势和20个制造业细分行业的集聚水平进行了测算,采用系统广义矩估计方法实证分析了区位优势对制造业集聚的影响。结果表明:区位优势与制造业各行业的集聚程度显著相关:大多数现代制造业和依赖规模经济的制造业与区位优势正相关,大部分传统制造业与区位优势负相关;不同的制造业细分行业侧重不同方面的区位优势。     

都市区生产者服务业企业区位因子分析——以北京为例

文章以北京为个案,通过问卷调查、企业访谈、模型验证等方法,从定性归纳和定量解释两个角度,探讨了我国都市区内部生产者服务业企业区位选择的影响因子。发现西方区位选择因子和区位理论在一定程度上适用于我国都市区快速发展起来的生产者服务业企业,但是受到政府力量的影响,在具体的区位决策时必须进行适当的修正。     

Bilateral retrovesical testes: An unusual location for impalpable undescended testes

Although the majority of impalpable undescended testes lie in an intracanalicular location, a significant number are also found to be intraabdominal. The expected location of intraabdominal testes is a line joining the renal hilum and the internal inguinal ring. We describe a case of an adult patient in whom impalpable undescended testes were located in a retrovesical location. This case highlights the importance of performing a thorough inspection of the entire abdomen and pelvis if the impalpable testis is not found in an expected location.     

跨国直接投资区位的行为经济学分析

跨国直接投资的区位研究一直是理论界的一个热点,但目前的研究都是在新古典经济学的框架之下进行的。本文运用行为经济学的基本理论对跨国直接投资区位理论进行研究,认为经济结构、文化、空间偏好等也是影响跨国企业对外直接投资区位选择的因素。     

区位势及其BCM估计模型

区位要素的空间聚集形成了区位势，区位势的高低决定了厂商的盈利能力和竞争力，而人们选择理想区位过程中对区位势的判断却受到各种区位因素的影响。BCM估计模型正是在区位因素定性和定量分析相结合的基础上建立起来的区位势估计模型，有助于人们科学选择产业区位。     

Does FDI in manufacturing cause FDI in business services? Evidence from French firm‐level data

Abstract .  This paper uses a large French firm-level data set to evaluate the determinants of location choices in services. In a first step, estimates for four broad services sectors are compared with the estimates for the manufacturing sector. Using a discrete choice model, we find that this framework does fairly well in explaining location choices in services and that the parameter estimates for services are close to the ones for manufacturing. We then investigate whether the similarity in estimated parameters is due to a complementarity between location choices in manufacturing and in services, in the sense that manufacturing location choices may cause the location of services. A particularly appropriate services sector, for this purpose is the business services sector, for which input-output linkages with the manufacturing sector are particularly strong. It is found that the downstream demand of French manufacturing firms has a positive effect on the location choice probabilities of French business services firms. This effect is robust.     

Variations of optimum firm and company town location

In the literatures of location and firm behaviour, most of the papers deal with location and theory of firms in conjunction with a heterogeneous space where markets are given at discrete points. Also, most of writers of the papers considered the optimum location problem only for an unregulated firm and industry. On the other hand, there are many regulated firms and industries in real economies. Also, we can consider a location problem of an industrial city (industry complex) which means a big company town. Many comparisons after combining some effects such as agglomeration (scale economies/diseconomies), etc. were implemented. We analysed the optimum location of industrial city (big company town) and input usage under regulatory constraint and agglomeration. We introduced an active constraint of a fair rate of return from the pioneering work of Averch and Johnson to the location problem of the big firm with multi inputs. With multi-inputs, simple one dimension locational problems are solved.     

Do neighboring municipalities matter in industrial location decisions? Empirical evidence from Spain

This paper focuses on industrial location, assuming that entrepreneurs not only consider the advantages associated with a certain municipality, but also those coming from nearby areas. Exploratory analysis reflects the existence of spatial patterns in the creation of manufacturing establishments and sheds light on the geographical scope on which agglomeration economies operate in industrial location. Spatial Probit models and standard Probit models with spatially lagged explanatory variables are estimated to test whether neighboring municipalities’ location decisions and characteristics, including agglomeration economies, matter in industrial location choices. Results show that neighboring municipalities location decisions and characteristics help to explain location decisions of new establishments for 11 manufacturing industries in Spanish municipalities (NUTS V) over the period 1991–1995.     

对外贸易、地方保护和中国的产业布局

本文研究发现,20世纪80年代由于新旧工业基地的轮替,地区专业化和分布的不平衡性稍有退化;而90年代地区专业化则显著加深,分布的不平衡性和集中程度明显加速。对外贸易中的地理优势显著地影响中国的产业布局,但地方保护的影响在90年代仅限于内地。传统比较优势理论在中国产业分布中的解释力是显然的,而新经济地理学的部分预测也在本文的实证中得到支持。     

A model of banknote discounts

Prior to 1863, state-chartered banks in the United States issued notes—dollar-denominated promises to pay specie to the bearer on demand. Although these notes circulated at par locally, they usually were quoted at a discount outside the local area. These discounts varied by both the location of the bank and the location where the discount was being quoted. Further, these discounts were asymmetric across locations, meaning that the discounts quoted in location A on the notes of banks in location B generally differed from the discounts quoted in location B on the notes of banks in location A. Also, discounts generally increased when banks suspended payments on their notes. In this paper we construct a random matching model to qualitatively match these facts about banknote discounts. To attempt to account for locational differences, the model has agents that come from two distinct locations. Each location also has bankers that can issue notes. Banknotes are accepted in exchange because banks are required to produce when a banknote is presented for redemption and their past actions are public information. Overall, the model delivers predictions consistent with the behavior of discounts.     

大城市居住区位演变浅议——以重庆为例

城市是人口聚居的地方。随着城市的发展和城市化进程的加快，城市，特别是大城市居民的择居行为和居住区位都在不断地发生变化。本文拟通过对重庆市居住区位变化的分析，对我国现阶段大城市居住区位的演变趋势和基本规律作初步探讨。     

城市居民对居住区位的偏好及其区位选择的实证研究

利用详实的社会调查数据,考察了我国城市居民对居住区位的偏好和支付意愿,以及居民实际的区位选择。首先对影响居民对居住区位支付意愿高低(即支付意愿梯度)的因素进行了理论分析,分析了因素之间的相关关系,并探讨了研究支付意愿与区位选择差异性的方法。在理论分析基础上,建立了支付意愿梯度模型和区位选择模型,利用北京、上海、广州、武汉和重庆五城市的调研数据对模型参数进行了估计。结果显示,高收入群体仍倾向于居住在距离市中心偏近的位置,工作地点、对环境的偏好、城市规模和郊区基础设施完善程度都会从各种方面影响支付意愿的梯度值。市场力量已经在居住区位资源的配置中发挥重要作用,但存量住房流动性低和一部分居民的融资能力不足仍阻碍了其自由的区位选择。     

跨境电商综合试验区区位价值影响因素研究

跨境电商是产业经济、电子商务和国际贸易综合发展的新模式,对价值链重构和经济全球化发展具有深远影响。跨境电子商务综合试验区是推动跨境电商发展,促进国际贸易自由化、便利化和业态创新的突破口。如何推动企业开拓国际市场并融入全球价值链,最终形成独特的区位价值,是跨境电子商务综合试验区面临的重要问题。分析了跨境电商综合试验区区位价值的影响因素,构建区位价值影响分析模型,以35个跨境电商综合试验区为样本,定量研究各影响因素对区位价值的作用原理,最后揭示出境电商综合试验区区位价值的形成机理,并提出跨境电商综合试验区区位价值开发利用的管理建议。     

20世纪区位理论的五个发展阶段及其评述

韦伯的工业区位论所开始的区位理论,随着经济发展水平的提高,经历了不断的发展历程。经济地理以及区域经济研究者从不同的角度来研究区位理论,一方面构建新的区位理论,另一方面更深入地研究以往的区位理论。文章将20世纪区位理论的发展历程总结为五个发展阶段：以新古典区位理论为主的阶段;以行为经济学为主的发展阶段;以结构主义为主的发展阶段;以生产方式为主的发展阶段;以非完全竞争市场结构为主发展阶段。对于各发展阶段的特征,做了概括性的总结。     

服务业区位因素体系的研究

区位因素理论是区位理论体系的核心内容之一。迄今为止国内外系统研究服务业区位因素的成果并不多见。在简要总结国内外关于区位因素分类研究的基础上,分析了不同社会发展阶段区位因素的构成及其影响;基于系统综合的角度,根据区位因素的联系性及差异性,结合服务业的基本特性,初步构建了四大类服务业区位因素:经济因素、空间因素、信息因素和人文因素,并简要分析了各类区位因素对服务业区位选择的影响;根据四类因素中各个因子的动态性和主导性,提出影响服务业区位选择的四大动机机制。服务业区位因素体系的构建旨在为分析和解释各类服务业区位选择及区位特征提供一个理论工具,以促进服务业区位论的发展。     

SEARCH BEHAVIOR OF ASYMMETRICALLY INFORMED VOTERS: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY*

This paper experimentally investigates individual level search within a spatial election model. In our model the voter is required to cast a ballot for one of two candidates. However, the voter's task is made non-trivial since, even though the location of one candidate is known, the location of a second candidate is unknown. To reduce uncertainty regarding the unknown candidate's location, the voter may undertake an information search. We find that search in this environment is a function of the cost of search, the quality of information, and the voter's location on the issue space.     

About market structure

I study an economy where sellers choose locations, and buyers choose which location to visit. All sellers in one location correspond to the Walrasian market while each seller in a separate location corresponds to the standard random matching model. Trades are consummated in auctions, and it turns out that the Walrasian market is not an equilibrium market structure. Rather, the sellers choose to distribute themselves in several locations endogenously creating the imperfectness of markets. I determine the number of sellers per location in equilibrium as a function of the ratio of buyers to sellers.     

产业集聚的区位效应及其对欠发达区域的启示

研究产业集聚,对于欠发达区域培育产业集群,对于缩小欠发达区域与发达区域的差距,实现区域经济协调发展,具有重要意义。根据经济区位理论,产业集聚是区域的区位条件与企业的区位因子藕合作用产生区位效应的结果,我国产业集聚的区位效应包括生产成本效应、衍生或孵化效应、交易成本效应、诱导效应和循环累积因果效应,与此相对应,产业集聚区域在资源禀赋、历史积淀、制度环境和交易条件等方面必然具备某种或某几种优势。从产业集聚的区位效应出发,欠发达区域培育产业集群关键在于确定集群区位和创造适宜的区位条件。