论俄罗斯联邦宪法所保障的公民的权力与自由

在不同时代，人权问题始终是一个政权问题，它依赖于在社会生活中统治阶级的宗教、道德伦理、哲学思想。而宪法则是在一定时期的社会生活中建立的，并且公民权力和自由是不断补充的，但是宪法并不能保障整个社会都具有充分享有权力的生活，而只是一部分人，这一部分人就是所谓的“上层统治集团”。     

人权宪法化的基本进程

公民的基本权利是公民享有的最根本、最重要的权利，从本质上讲，基本权利是人权在宪法中的表现。近代以来，人权理论逐渐生成，但其道德性，使之具有内容模糊、保障乏力的缺陷。对人权缺陷进行补救的成果就是将人权载入宪法，使其具有内容的确定性和效力的最高性。近现代宪政实践充分证明，基本权利就是宪法化的人权。     

废止劳动教养制度彰显人权司法进步

废除劳动教养制度，是我国在人权司法保障方面的重要举措，标志着我国法治建设又向前迈出重要一步。废除劳动教养制度，有利于维护宪法权威，有利于完善人权司法保障，有利于避免权力滥用，有利于履行国际义务。废除劳动教养制度，必须修改相关法律，做好法律制度衔接，诸如降低犯罪量刑门坎，修改《刑法》的“管制刑”为“社区服务刑”，完善社区矫正制度和制定《社会矫正法》。     

论俄罗斯联邦宪法所保障的公民的权力与自由

在不同时代,人权问题始终是一个政权问题,它依赖于在社会生活中统治阶级的宗教、道德伦理、哲学思想.而宪法则是在一定时期的社会生活中建立的,并且公民权力和自由是不断补充的,但是宪法并不能保障整个社会都具有充分享有权力的生活,而只是一部分人,这一部分人就是所谓的"上层统治集团".     

人权入宪是中国社会主义宪政的重大发展

人权是宪法最重要的一个价值追求，尊重和保障人权是现代民主宪政的一项基本原则。中国的人权事业和宪政经历了一个曲折的发展过程，而今终将“国家尊重和保障人权”载入宪法。该条款内涵丰富，意义深远。人权入宪开创了中国用宪法保障人权的新时代，它向世人宣示了我国对待人权的庄严态度和法治精神，标志着我国社会主义民主和法制建设达到一个新的水平，在我国宪政史上具有里程碑的意义。     

论中国人权“入宪”及其贯彻落实

人权“入宪”具有其独特的价值,根据社会的发展和变化将人权写入宪法,是我国民主发展的必然要求。由于历史等因素我国对人权研究的起步晚,起点低,在理论和实践中都远远落后于国际人权,而市场经济的发展和改革开放的深入更使宪法的人权原则面临理论和实践的双重挑战。为了促进民主建设和保证社会发展,确保宪法人权原则在我国的贯彻落实有着极其重要的现实意义。     

论中国人权"入宪"及其贯彻落实

人权"入宪"具有其独特的价值,根据社会的发展和变化将人权写入宪法,是我国民主发展的必然要求.由于历史等因素我国对人权研究的起步晚,起点低,在理论和实践中都远远落后于国际人权,而市场经济的发展和改革开放的深入更使宪法的人权原则面临理论和实践的双重挑战.为了促进民主建设和保证社会发展,确保宪法人权原则在我国的贯彻落实有着极其重要的现实意义.     

从中西方宪法人权保障条款的比较看党的执政能力的提高

不管是中西方,人权与宪法之间都有着不可分割的联系,具体的说就是宪法确认和保障人权,对人权的不懈追求又促进宪法的向前发展。由于历史的原因,中西方在人权方面存在着一些差别,双方的主张不太相同。但不可否认的是中国的人权在不断的发展,中国共产党的执政能力也在不断的提高。     

从国际人权公约到中国宪法对妇女人权的保障

人类的未来是政治、经济、文化和个人充分发展的未来,而这一切的发展则离不开占人口一半的妇女的广泛参与。妇女人权的实现必须保证妇女获得自立、自强与自主的能力,以及赋予她们参与政治、经济、社会和文化发展的权利。国际人权公约中的人权应当基于国际人权公约国际法的特性受到国内宪法的保障,宪法作为国内公法,具有最高权威性和最高法律效力。将国际人权公约与中国宪法对妇女人权的保障进行比较,既可以对中国保障妇女这一特殊群体的人权从立法上和实践上不断予以完善和发展.     

论公民的知情权

一个国家的知情权保障制度发达与否，直接反映着这个国家的人权宪政水平。知情权的人权确认是宪政制度发展的历史趋势。要切实有效地保障公民知情权，应把知情权纳入我国宪法公民基本权利体系。     

A Comment on “The Dilemmas of Technology”

This paper documents Hohfeld's influence on interwar American institutionalism. We will mainly focus on three leading figures of the movement: John Rogers Commons, Robert Lee Hale, and John Maurice Clark. They regarded Hohfeld's contribution on jural relations as a preliminary step toward the understanding of the adversarial nature of legal rights. Albeit with substantial differences in style, method and emphasis, Hohfeld's schema provided a powerful analytical and rhetorical tool for their analysis.     

美元汇率长期波动动因探析

基于国际金融危机背景来研究美元价值与美国国债、美国股指、经常项目逆差以及大宗商品价格之间的相关性具有现实意义。通过选取美国国债、联邦基金利率、标准普尔指数、经常项目逆差以及国际大宗商品价格指数,运用Johansen协整检验、VEC模型、脉冲响应模型及Granger因果检验等计量方法进行考察后发现,美国国债的泛滥与美元贬值没有直接的因果关系;美元价值的波动与美国经济基本面(包括金融环境)的状况存在显著的长期相关性;美元指数的走势与国际金融市场中石油、黄金等大宗商品价格指数的走势相关,且后者对美元变动具有一定程度的短期预测效应。     

Safe havens in the face of Presidential election uncertainty: A comparison between Bitcoin,oil and precious metals

Even though the empirical literature on safe haven properties of different assets with respect to financial risks is increasing, their abilities to safeguard against political risks has not been the subject of large empirical investigations. This paper uses an Empirical Mode Decomposition-based approach to look into the time-varying role of different assets (in particular, oil, precious metals and Bitcoin) as a safe haven against U.S. stocks in times of heightened uncertainty surrounding the outcome of the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Our results suggest that oil can act as an effective safe haven against political risk exposure; but such property varies over time. The abilities of gold and silver to provide positive returns during downturns have been also documented in the medium-and the long-term. Bitcoin also serves as a safe haven against U.S. stock losses but in the short-term. These findings provide useful and relevant information to investors to help ensure better asset allocation in an uncertain environment.     

城市贫困成因:中美两国的对比

基于宏观层面,从社会制度、政策因素、结构调整、转型背景,以及剥夺、排斥和贫困文化等侧面对比分析了中美两国城市贫困问题产生及发展的作用因素,以期进一步明确和完善我国城市今后的减贫思路.如何切实避免类似于美国及其他西方国家的贫困文化对于我国的城市贫困治理和经济发展具有深远意义.     

美,日两国技术创新战略的比较与启示

本文对美、日两国的技术创新战略进行了比较，对两国技术创新战略的最新发展作了分析，在此基础上提出，根据我国国情和世界各国技术创新的发展趋势，我国的技术创新战略应确立为：自主创新为主．模仿创新为辅，自主创新与模仿创新相结合。     

Assessment of technological appropriateness: The case of Indonesian rural development

It is commonly recognized at the present that technological appropriateness is not an intrinsic quality of any technology, but it derived from the surroundings (technological as well as sociocultural, politicolegal, economic, and environmental) in which it is to be utilized and the specific purpose of its application. On this basis, this paper presents two case studies for the selection of appropriate technologies for rural development in Indonesia. The first case deals with the problem of identifying a “set of appropriate technologies” to be promoted for accelerated rural development. The second case deals with the problem of selecting the “most appropriate one” among available technologies of one kind. The assessment exercises are carried out using existing methodologies and inputs (such as national priorities, assessment factors, and decision weights) from Indonesian nationals. It is shown that the analysis can provide useful guidelines for science and technology policy planning in developing countries.     

张家港碳排放人类驱动分析

大量证据表明,人口的增加、经济的增长及城市化改变着人类生存的环境.现阶段并没有完整的衡量人类对环境影响的框架,文章在分析IPAT等式发展的基础上,应用STIRPAT对张家港1999～2005年人口,富裕程度及其他因素对其碳排放的影响.结果表明,在张家港城市化进程及经济发展的过程中,人口因素是影响其碳排放最重要的因素,人口数量与环境影响呈现明显的正相关变化,富裕程度增加对环境的影响存在不同的产业有不同的影响,总体上第一产业总值的增加对碳排放影响较大,而城市化率对环境的影响程度不是十分明显.     

Normative and positive theories of public finance: contrasting Musgrave and Buchanan

This paper assesses James M. Buchanan's claim of following a positive approach in stark contrast to the normative approach to public finance of Richard A. Musgrave. The goal of this paper is to shed light on the foundations of modern American public finance by analysing one aspect of the methodology of its two most prominent fathers. I show (1) that it is difficult to distinguish Musgrave's and Buchanan's theories of public goods along the positive/normative dividing line and (2) that Buchanan's theory can also be considered normative. In the first three parts, I follow the Weberian methodological tradition in looking for value judgements in the theories, and by reflecting on the nature of ideal types. In the last part, I propose a broader interpretation of Buchanan's methodological stance within the academic context of the 1960s.     

A quantitative model for the evaluation of technological alternatives

This paper presents a quantitative model that may be of use to the national development planners, investment funding authorities, and entrepreneurs, who are confronted with the problems of choosing the appropriate technology among many available alternatives. The model provides a systematic and analyst-independent methodology for the multicriterion technology selection process, which requires consideration of socioeconomic as well as technological factors. The procedure is mathematically straightforward and has the capability of integrating both objective and subjective aspects of the evaluation process, resulting in a unified technology measure as a guide for decision making. A case study is presented to illustrate the applicability and workability of the development model.     

Beyond the principle of population: Malthus's Essay

Abstract

After an introductory section, this article reviews reasons and arguments establishing the invalidity of Malthus's construct of a ‘principle of population’. Section 3 propounds that Malthus's theory is located beyond the principle of population, with the oscillation figure as its centre. Section 4 takes note of the trajectory which the Essay describes between natural and moral science, assesses inequality and growth as the two focal points of Malthus's theory and eventually observes Malthus looking forward to a state beyond the dictates of growth.