如何从共毁走向共生?——定制化旅游价值共毁和价值恢复对口碑传播的影响

价值共创的研究话题已受到学术界广泛关注,但越来越多的企业发现价值共创并非总是成功的。基于价值共创的负面视角--价值共毁,探讨价值的协同破坏机制及其影响的实证研究有待深入。文章以资源保存理论为基础,探讨价值共毁对负面口碑传播的影响,检验顾客失望的中介作用以及价值恢复类型的调节作用。文章以定制化旅游服务为实验情境,实验结果发现:(1)价值共毁类型在负面口碑传播上存在显著差异,相对于顾客引发的价值共毁,企业引发的价值共毁对负面口碑传播的影响关系更强;(2)顾客失望在价值共毁类型与负面口碑之间起完全中介作用;(3)价值恢复措施的不同类型调节了顾客失望的中介关系强度,当企业单独恢复价值时,企业引发价值共毁(相比于顾客引发价值共毁)会产生更少的顾客失望进而降低负面口碑。当企业与顾客共同恢复价值时,顾客引发价值共毁(相比于企业引发价值共毁)会产生更少失望进而降低负面口碑。最后对研究结论进行讨论并提出了管理启示。     

免税购物游客感知价值的量表开发与实证检验

游客感知价值源自营销学领域的顾客价值理论,是游客基于感知利得与利失的权衡对旅游产品或旅游服务的总体评价,已成为旅游企业稳固竞争优势的新动源。现阶段,国内外免税购物市场竞争局势日渐激烈,免税购物游客感知价值研究能为免税店管理方提供科学的运营管理依据。文章以有消费经历的免税购物游客为研究对象,研究区域为三亚国际免税城,运用SPSS 22.0和AMOS 17.0软件对正式调研所获得的324份有效样本数据进行实证分析。在梳理游客感知价值测量相关文献的基础上,严格遵循量表开发的规范步骤(确定构念范围、发展初始测项、纯化初始测项、预调研、正式调研、探索性因子分析、验证性因子分析、信效度检验),开发了包含6个维度24个测项的免税购物游客感知价值量表,6个维度分别为感知环境价值、感知成本价值、感知管理价值、感知功能价值、感知服务价值、感知声誉价值,并通过构建结构方程模型检验了量表的稳定性。最后,总结了研究的理论贡献与管理启示。     

Development and validation of standard hotel corporate social responsibility (CSR) scale from the employee perspective

The prevalent trends of sustainability and responsible management have promoted corporate social responsibility (CSR) to attract considerable research and business interest. However, despite its importance, few efforts have been exerted to develop a standardized CSR scale in the hotel industry. This study aims to develop and validate a multidimensional scale of hotel CSR measurement as perceived by hotel staff who understands CSR. Results of running factor analyses generate a five-factor structure. The overall measurement model demonstrates a satisfactory level of goodness-of-fit and supports convergent validity, discriminate validity, nomological validity, and predictive validity. The legal domain received the highest mean score among the five hotel CSR domains, followed by ethical, financial/economic, environmental, and social/philanthropic domains. The value on employee attitude toward the CSR-implementing hotel, employee satisfaction with the CSR-implementing hotel, and organizational commitment toward the CSR-implementing hotel varied between front-of-house and back-of-house employees. This validated measurement scale is recommended for future studies to explore the effect of hotel CSR in various countries or regions.     

Hotel career management in China: Developing a measurement scale

This study aims to develop a measurement scale for organizational career management (OCM) in China's hotel industry. The scale development procedure includes four steps: developing initial items, implementing purifying measures, data collection, and assessing the reliability and validity of the proposed measurement scale. Both exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) are used to test the reliability and validity of the measurement scale thus developed. The development process results in a reliable and valid scale for hotel career management incorporating three dimensions: (1) career appraisal and advice, (2) a career development program, and (3) career training. Given the scarcity of research on career management in China, the measurement scale developed in this study will serve as a foundation for future research. The findings of this study may help to stimulate further empirical research on the relationship between hotel career management and employees’ career commitment and career satisfaction.     

Development of a Scale for Tourism Facilitators

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a scale of tourism facilitators that may play a significant role in participating in tourism activities. A scale of tourism facilitators was developed directly from the results in this study. One of the most important findings is that the tourism facilitator scale shows relatively acceptable measurement properties and reasonable levels of fit. The investigation of internal consistency and the CFA of the scale confirm the sufficient reliability and validity of the proposed model. The results also provide evidence that the three dimensions of tourism facilitators were negatively related to the three dimensions of tourism constraints, except for the relationship between intrapersonal facilitators and interpersonal constraints. Future studies should examine other countries to validate a more stable tourism facilitator scale and its relationships with related variables. The further testing of the concept of tourism facilitators can determine the role of facilitators at different stages of the destination decision-making process. The findings also provided preliminary evidence supporting the feasibility and value of using the new instrument as well as its relevance to both fundamental and applied research in investigating tourist behavior.     

Development and validation of a multidimensional tourist’s local food consumption value (TLFCV) scale

This study is to test whether consumption value theory can be applied to food tourism in a tourism destination. Despite its importance, few studies have explored the types of local food consumption value that tourists obtain in a destination. This study sought to develop and validate a scale of local food consumption value from a tourist perspective. As a result, a seven-factor structure was generated. The overall construct demonstrated satisfactory levels of reliability and validity. The value on their satisfaction with tasting local food, positive post-purchase intention, and food destination image varied by cultural region. Future research is expected to benefit from using the validated measurement to understand the unexplored aspects of tourists’ local food consumption.     

Development and validation of a tourism fatigue scale

Fatigue is a pervasive physiological and psychological phenomenon in tourism experiences, but remains almost unexplored in the existing literature on tourist perception and behavior. The possible reason for this deficiency is the vagueness of the tourism fatigue concept and the lack of a measurement tool in addition to the influence of the traditional paradigms and ideas of the tourism research. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a scale for measuring tourism fatigue based on its conceptualization. Taking Zhouzhuang Ancient Town and Huangshan Mountain as examples, 926 samples were collected through two rounds of data collection. Following construct definition, initial item production, scale purification, EFA, CFA, reliability and validity testing, a four-dimensional (physical, motivational, affective and cognitive) tourism fatigue model with 16 items was established. This study extends the current knowledge of tourist perceptions and behaviors and provides a tool for further related investigation for academics and managers.     

Developing and validating a Chinese cultural value scale in tourism

Chinese cultural values are important in understanding Chinese tourists’ behaviour. However, the literature is void of a relevant scale measuring Chinese cultural values in tourism. This research aims to develop and validate a Chinese cultural values scale in tourism (abbreviated as CCV-T). Following a rigorous scale development procedure and applying multi-stage studies, the research identified a 5-factor measurement scale of CCV-T, composed of 17 items with sufficient reliability and validity. The five Chinese cultural value factors are Leisure and Life Enjoyment (LLE), Filial Piety and Relationship (FPR), Self-fulfilment, Righteousness, and Humanity. The CCV-T scale provides a simplified and holistic structure measuring tourism-related Chinese cultural values. This research provides a solid base to further understand the relationships between Chinese cultural values and tourist behaviour.     

Measuring empowerment: Developing and validating the Resident Empowerment through Tourism Scale (RETS)

Despite empowerment playing a crucial role in sustainable tourism development, there have yet to be scales developed to measure whether residents perceive themselves as being psychologically, socially, or politically empowered from tourism. To address this gap, the Resident Empowerment through Tourism Scale (RETS) was developed following Churchill's (1979) criteria for scale development. The RETS was purified through a pilot and pretest study before being tested in a three county region of western Virginia, USA. The data were initially analyzed using multiple exploratory factor analyses before being validated through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results of the CFA demonstrated that the RETS displayed construct validity with standardized factor loadings ranging from 0.65 to 0.92 for the three subscales and construct reliability scores ranging from 0.85 to 0.92. The RETS is presented as a scale ready for use to measure the extent to which residents perceive themselves as being empowered or disempowered by tourism.     

Construction and validation of a scale to measure tourist motivation to consume local food

Although the importance of the role of local food in tourism has begun to form an academic debate in the last decade, little effort has been invested in understanding what tourist motivations influence consumption of local food and beverages in a tourist destination and to develop a measurement scale for those motivations. Thus, this study adopted the comprehensive procedures of measurement scale development recommended by prior studies. The scale development procedure yielded a five factor measurement scale with acceptable levels of reliability and validity. Five underlying motivational dimensions of local food consumption were labelled: cultural experience; interpersonal relation; excitement; sensory appeal; and health concern. The outcomes and applications of the developed scale are discussed both in terms of theoretical and managerial implications.     

旅游管理专业的学科认同:量表开发与维度测量

学科认同是表现学习者认可自身价值和追求职业发展目标的重要衡量指标之一.文章在文献分析、成熟量表测度语句借鉴、访谈和自编测度语句基础上开发了旅游管理专业的学科认同问卷,通过对西安6所高校旅游管理专业本科生的正式调查,采用探索性和验证性因子分析方法验证了旅游管理专业学科认同的结构和关联维度.研究结果表明:所开发的量表具有较好的整体结构和关联维度;旅游管理专业的学科认同由专业学习、专业前景、专业意识、职业发展、专业投机、社会偏见、专业归属等7个维度构成;7个维度中专业学习、专业前景、专业意识对旅游管理专业的总体学科认同影响力最大.该研究对于未来旅游管理专业学科优化、学生职业教育培养和引平等均具有参考价值.     

Religious Tourist Motivation in Buddhist Mountain: The Case from China

This study aims to develop a measurement scale assessing motivations of tourists traveling to religious sites within the Chinese context. Deploying quantitative methods in relation to Putuo Buddhist Mountain – one of the most visited Buddhist destinations in China, this study depicts 20 motivation attributes. Accordingly, the scale dimensionality of tourist motivation in the context of religious tourism is first revealed by an exploratory factor analysis and further validated by a confirmatory factor analysis. Consequently, three resultant constructs entailing religious belief, cultural enjoyment, and mental relaxation exhibit acceptable levels of reliability. Construct validity, including discriminant and convergent validity, is satisfactorily established. Furthermore, this study examines how tourists’ past experience and degree of religious belief affect the derived constructs that define the motivations of religious tourist. The results suggest that past experience significantly affects tourists’ motivation to achieve religious beliefs, while degree of tourist religious belief has a great impact on both their motivation to achieve religious beliefs and mental relaxation. Finally, according to motivation theory, religious beliefs and mental relaxation can be classified as push factors, while cultural enjoyment and one item belonging to religious beliefs are pull factors.     

Examining the predictive validity of SUS-TAS with maximum parsimony in developing island countries

The Sustainable Tourism Attitude Scale (SUS-TAS) has been used as a tool to gauge the sentiment of local residents toward sustainable tourism development. This scale has been validated in cross-cultural settings by several scholars. In a like manner, in order to validate this scale, data were collected in the Cape Verde islands (off the coast of Africa) and the results showed (1) a parsimonious version of the 21-item SUS-TAS that facilitates the process of data collection without compromising its robustness and psychometric properties, (2) a validated second-order factor model, confirming that the seven factors of SUS-TAS can be loaded in two broader dimensions named “perceived tourism impacts” and “expected tourism sustainability”, (3) a SUS-TAS second-order factor model with validity in predicting residents’ support for sustainable tourism development, (4) that SUS-TAS can be interpreted by seven individual factors and/or as a global factor as indicated by the hierarchical measurement model and predictive validity. Methodological and theoretical interpretations are discussed and future refinement and applications are also offered.     

Online tourism destination marketing in Kumasi Ghana

This study develops a conceptual research model to identify and induce local and international tourists to visit historical attractions and facilities in Kumasi the Ashanti region of Ghana. Websites provide valuable information about tourism destination marketing and tourism products to visitors and enhance tourists purchasing intentions. Data from a judgemental sampling technique were used for the research. Full time front desk employees from 36 hotels and 396 customers contributed to the study. A confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate the reliability and validity of the model measurements. The analytical results indicate that online destination image, online word of mouth, online security vulnerability test significant with tourists’ satisfaction as a mediator. The results also provide reliable reference for tourism administrators and researchers interested in online destination marketing and suggest that tourists perceive online security vulnerability as a menace to society and should be prevented.     

居民旅游影响感知测量量表开发的实证研究

居民对旅游影响的感知是衡量旅游目的地影响的有效途径.本文针对居民旅游影响感知衡量标准不一致,测量量表缺乏信度和效度检验的现象,通过对国内外著名旅游专家的访谈和中国旅游目的地的实证调研,运用统计分析的方法开发了中国居民旅游影响感知的测量量表,该量表包括居民旅游正面影响感知3个维度11个题项,负面影响感知3个维度11个题项.统计检验和实证分析的结果表明,可用该量表对中国居民旅游影响感知进行评估和测度.     

旅游地意象、地方依恋与旅游者环境责任行为——以浙江省旅游度假区为例

文章综合旅游地意象、地方依恋及环境责任行为理论,将旅游地意象分为5个要素,将地方依恋分为2个要素,并构建了旅游地意象、地方依恋与旅游者环境责任行为之间的关系模型。研究发现:(1)景观意象、设施意象、服务意象及安全意象均直接影响情感意象。设施意象与服务意象不仅直接影响地方依赖,且通过情感意象来实现。安全意象和景观意象间接影响地方依赖。安全意象、服务意象及景观意象不仅直接影响地方认同,且通过地方依赖来实现。设施意象间接影响地方认同。服务意象不仅直接影响旅游者环境责任行为,且通过地方依恋来实现。景观意象、设施意象及安全意象间接影响旅游者环境责任行为。(2)情感意象直接影响地方依赖,间接影响地方认同与旅游者环境责任行为。(3)地方依赖直接影响地方认同和旅游者环境责任行为,且通过地方认同间接影响旅游者环境责任行为。     

国家战略需求与中国旅游地理研究实践

在中国旅游业快速发展的背景下,旅游地理学研究成果始终结合国家战略需求,为中国旅游实践提供重要的理论支撑。中国旅游地理学者在此进程中形成了突出影响,在“绿水青山就是金山银山”这一重要理念的支撑下,旅游业是将资源环境优势转化为生态经济优势的重要途径,通过建立生态产品价值实现机制,构建“绿水青山”转化为“金山银山”的政策制度体系;凭借资源优势,发展旅游业成为落后地区摆脱贫困的重要手段,通过对旅游多维减贫效应的测度和分析,有助于更加精准地识别贫困,进而研究旅游发展对于贫困地区经济、社会、文化和环境的多维减贫效应。交通运输系统作为我国国民经济中基础性、先导性、战略性产业和重要的服务性行业,其要素的变动对旅游发展及多尺度旅游空间结构带来了巨大的影响,通过对新时期交通影响下旅游空间格局的演化、旅游影响区域的差异、旅游交通空间行为等的研究,可以为旅游交通的可持续和高质量发展提供一定的理论支撑。面对国家战略需求和工作重点,旅游地理研究实践须与国家需求有效结合,来拓展广阔的学术天地。     

Work values in tourism: Past,present and future

Although work values are important psychological variables in organisations, little research has been done to clarify the way in which work values are conceptualised. We address the need within the field to understand and engage with wider debates within social science literature by presenting an up-to-date review of work values in tourism research and a synthesis of paradigms pertaining to established value models and theories. We reconceptualise work values as a second-order projection of intrinsic, extrinsic, prestige and social types of values in the work settings of tourism. We then test the conceptual validity of this model through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis using data from Japanese tourism workers.     

The ‘magic of filter’ effect: Examining value co-destruction of social media photos in destination marketing

Excessive filter processing of social media photos may cause viewers to question the authenticity of the photos. From the value co-destruction perspective, this research examines the effect of photo filtering on consumer perceptions. Study 1 ran content analysis of 2035 social media user posts and identified that destination marketing failure caused by filtered photos is a process involving tourists' negative emotions and multi-stakeholder (including platform, travel blogger, and destination) value co-destruction, represented by a chain relationship mechanism of “stimulation of filtered photos→ negative emotions of tourists→ failure of destination marketing.” Study 2 applied an experimental design and found that filtered photos have a significant effect on tourists' negative emotions, which play a complete mediating role in the relationship between filtered photos and value co-destruction of destination marketing. Additionally, the moderating effect of tourists’ aesthetic and authenticity pursuit in the influence mechanism was partially verified. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.