Urban destination loyalty drivers and cross-national moderator effects: The case of Barcelona

The objective of this paper is to analyze the loyalty of tourists to urban tourism destinations, studying the differences existing on the basis of nationality of origin. The review of the academic literature identified perceived value and satisfaction as antecedents of loyalty. A theoretical model was constructed which was tested empirically with a total of 927 surveys of Italian and American tourists in the city of Barcelona. In the study of the data, structural equation models (SEM) were used, by means of a multi-group analysis. The empirical results show that the causal relationships among perceived value, satisfaction and loyalty and the moderating effect of nationality are partially confirmed. This study contributes to better knowledge of the processes that lead tourists to be loyal to an urban tourism destination.     

Understanding the impact of culinary brand equity and destination familiarity on travel intentions

This paper explores determinants of brand equity and the role of destination familiarity for travel intentions in culinary tourism from the perspective of foreign tourists. This analysis advocates four elements for brand equity (brand loyalty, brand image, perceived quality and brand awareness) for culinary travel intentions in Taiwan. Building on extensive literature, this study developed and empirically tested a model of the relationship using survey data collected from 407 foreign tourists from ten regions. The results indicate that there is a direct positive relationship between brand equity and travel intentions in culinary tourism. Moreover, the study recognizes the moderating role of destination familiarity, which positively moderates the effect of brand loyalty and perceived quality on travel intentions.     

Human baristas and robot baristas: How does brand experience affect brand satisfaction,brand attitude,brand attachment,and brand loyalty?

This study investigates the antecedents and consequences of brand satisfaction with the moderating role of type of barista. For this, data were collected from customers who used a coffee shop operated by robot baristas and customers who used a coffee shop operated by human baristas. The data analysis results showed that the four types of brand experience, such as sensory, affective, behavioral, and intellectual brand experiences, help to enhance brand satisfaction, which positively affects brand attitude, brand attachment, and brand loyalty. Finally, the type of barista plays a moderating role in the relationship between (1) sensory brand experience and brand satisfaction and (2) intellectual brand experience and brand satisfaction.     

A strategy for enhancing senior tourists’ well-being perception: focusing on the experience economy

This study was designed to examine how to form well-being perception in the senior tourism industry. More specifically, this study proposed (1) the casual relationships between four dimensions of the experience economy (i.e. education, entertainment, esthetics, and escapism) and well-being perception, (2) the effects of well-being perception on consumer attitudes toward a brand, brand attachment, and brand loyalty, and (3) the moderating role of advertising effectiveness. Data were collected from 323 senior tourists in Korea. The results showed that all of the four dimensions have a positive influence on well-being perception, which in turn positively affects outcome variables. Lastly, this study found that advertising effectiveness has an important moderating function in the relationship between education and well-being perception.     

心理契约违背对饭店顾客忠诚的影响——服务补救策略的调节效应

针对服务企业普遍面对的服务补救低效与顾客忠诚保持的挑战,文章基于心理契约与前瞻性服务补救理论,构建了顾客心理契约违背、服务补救和顾客忠诚间关系的分析框架,实证分析了心理契约违背对顾客忠诚的作用机理,并检验了服务补救策略对这一关系的调节效应。通过对262名饭店顾客的问卷调查,采用回归分析法处理数据,研究结果表明:心理契约违背两个维度与饭店顾客忠诚两个维度均呈显著负相关关系,顾客心理契约违背程度越高,顾客忠诚度越低;服务补救在心理契约违背与饭店顾客忠诚的关系中起到部分调节作用,即当企业服务出现失误而使顾客感知心理契约违背发生时,如果能采用恰当的服务补救策略,可以降低心理契约违背对顾客忠诚的负面影响。     

Complaint Behavior as a Factor in Cruise Line Losses

Abstract

This paper examines the complaint behavior and financial loss to a cruise line that result from brand switching by their most loyal customers. These effects are based on the fact that passengers can be classified by their type of brand loyalty. Based upon the previously published works of Jones and Sasser (1995) and validated by Cartwright and Baird (1999), the following classification is used in this paper. “Apostles” are the most brand loyal customers who also bring in additional cruise passengers. “Loyalists” are considered highly satisfied customers. They are also repeat passengers, but do not bring in as many additional cruise customers as Apostles. “Mercenaries” are driven by price. This group is only loyal so long as that cruise line maintains the cheapest price. The fourth group, “Hostages,” is loyal to the cruise line because there is no viable alternative. The final group in this classification is “Guerrillas” who are Apostles who have been scorned. An Apostle becomes a Guerrilla because of an inappropriate response by the cruise line to complaint behavior.

Classifications of brand loyalty will be discussed leading to the development of the five types of cruise passengers. This paper will show that inappropriate responses to complaint behavior can result in the loss of over $1,775,000 to the cruise line.     

旅行社品牌忠诚度细分研究

随着市场竞争的愈加激烈,忠诚顾客管理逐渐成为热门话题.本文通过电话调查的方法,运用分层聚类法从行为和态度忠诚两个维度把旅行社团队旅游产品顾客分为3类细分市场.即真正忠诚者、潜在忠诚者和虚假忠诚者.前者的态度和行为忠诚变量值最高;潜在忠诚者的行为忠诚变量值最低,而虚假忠诚者的态度变量值最低.这些特征很好地验证了已有品牌忠诚模型.文章最后讨论针对3类细分市场应该采取的营销策略,并指出后续研究的问题.     

服务补救中自我调节导向对顾客感知公平的调节作用——基于旅行社的实证研究

文章以旅行社为研究对象,通过实证研究方法探寻服务补救中顾客自我调节导向心理特征对感知公平的影响.研究结果表明,服务失败背景下旅行社实物补救的确主要影响游客感知结果公平;自我调节导向在实物补救对游客感知结果公平的影响中有显著调节作用,趋利导向游客在遭遇服务失误后更偏好“多获利”的补救措施,而避害导向游客则更偏好“少损失”的补救措施;自我调节导向在实物补救对游客感知程序公平和互动公平的影响中并无显著调节作用.文章同时讨论了研究结论对服务营销管理的启示.     

有钱而游,还是因梦而旅?——预期收入对旅游消费决策的作用机制研究

主流经济学的消费理论认为收入决定消费,因此收入是影响旅游消费决策的重要研究变量,但先行研究一直存在广泛争论,且较少进行跨期研究,特别是预期收入对旅游消费决策的影响研究更为稀少。文章主要目的是研究预期收入对个体旅游消费决策的影响作用机制,引入行为经济学的体验效用理论,构建旅游者跨期效用函数模型,检验和比较分析了当期收入和预期收入对个体旅游消费决策的影响力度。研究结果如下:第一,当期收入对旅游消费决策的作用会受到个体预期收入和不耐心程度(个体更偏好于当前消费而非未来消费)的调节效应影响;第二,给定其他因素的作用,预期收入对未来旅游消费决策具有正向促进作用,且预期收入对旅游消费决策的正向影响要高于当期收入的影响。另外还发现,女性群体的不耐心程度调节效应相对更大,低龄群体的不耐心程度调节效应较大,显著性也较高。最后,文章提出了以上研究结果对旅游体验和旅游消费决策的行为经济学理论拓展意义,以及对旅游企业和目的地进行预期营销的实践意义。     

The Importance of Quality,Satisfaction, Trust,and Image in Relation to Rural Tourist Loyalty

In the past decade, tourism firms have become aware of the great benefits of maintaining a solid base of loyal customers. Because rural tourism is a relatively new phenomenon in some countries, the main antecedent of tourism loyalty remains infrequently studied in rural lodgings. In this work, a structural equations model is explored, with PLS technique, giving relevance to the interrelationships among image, quality, satisfaction, and trust and among these variables and the tourists' behavior variables. Instruments are identified and exploratory research was undertaken among rural tourists of the main rural lodgings in two border regions of Spain and Portugal. The results confirm image as a direct antecedent of perceived quality, satisfaction, trust, and loyalty for rural tourism, too. The analysis also confirmed that quality has a positive influence on satisfaction and loyalty, and trust has a positive influence on loyalty. Image is shown as a key factor to rural lodging managers. This study may help rural tourism managers to develop and implement effective relationship marketing strategies.     

The cause-effect relationship between negative food incidents and tourists’ negative emotions

Tourists often experience negative food incidents at tourism destinations, which can elicit negative emotional reactions. However, this important topic has been examined only in the narrow context of restaurants with a particular focus on customers’ negative restaurant experiences. This study is the first to incorporate three types of food establishments, namely, full-service restaurants, limited-service restaurants, and street stalls, to investigate the effects of negative food incidents on tourists’ negative emotions. Using a qualitative approach to capture the cause-effect relationship between negative food incidents and tourists’ negative emotions, this study found that food-related issues trigger tourists’ sadness and shame; queue management leads to fear; and high prices, unethical business practices and poor service quality result in anger. The three types of food establishments are correlated with different negative food incidents. In addition to providing theoretical contributions, this study also provides practical suggestions for food outlets at any destination.     

The effect of Cultural Intelligence on consumer-based destination brand equity

Achieving destination appeal and competitiveness is a major priority of tourist destination managers. They must implement new strategies that are distinct from those of their competitors and that influence tourists’ perceptions, attitudes and behaviors and reinforce the brand equity of the destination. The present work focuses on Cultural Intelligence (CQ). CQ increasingly features in business strategy due to the effect of cultural differences and diversity on tourist behavior. The aim is to propose and validate a model that captures the effect of tourists’ CQ on their evaluation of the destination. Using a sample of 503 tourists visiting Spain, the study demonstrates that a tourist’s CQ influences their assessment of destination brand equity and that this relationship is moderated by tourism type. The paper presents a series of implications of interest both to scholars and professionals in the tourism sector.     

旅游目的地品牌资产驱动因素模型研究——以凤凰古城为例

旅游目的地品牌资产逐渐成为学界关注的焦点,值得深入研究。该文基于已有研究成果,分析旅游目的地品牌资产与品牌知名度、品牌形象、品牌质量、品牌价值、品牌忠诚的结构关系,构建旅游目的地品牌资产驱动因素结构模型。以湖南省凤凰古城为案例,采用问卷调查法获得基础数据,分析发现:旅游目的地品牌知名度、品牌形象、品牌质量通过旅游目的地品牌价值与品牌忠诚对旅游目的地品牌资产产生显著影响,证实了旅游目的地品牌资产的二阶驱动因素模型。具体来看,旅游目的地品牌形象对品牌忠诚的影响最大,而旅游目的地品牌忠诚和品牌资产关联度最大。根据研究结论得到管理启示:第一,全面认识旅游目的地品牌资产的驱动因素,综合递增旅游目的地品牌资产。第二,着力突出旅游目的地品牌资产的核心要素,注重提升旅游目的地品牌形象。第三,认真建设旅游目的地品牌资产的关键内容,致力强化旅游目的地品牌忠诚。     

Factors influencing customers’ dine out intention during COVID-19 reopening period: The moderating role of country-of-origin effect

COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected the restaurant industry and reopening provides restaurants an opportunity to survive this crisis. This study examined the interplay of perceived importance of preventive measures, dining involvement, brand trust, and customers’ intention to dine out at American Chinese restaurants during the reopening period. Additionally, the study investigated the moderating role of country-of-origin (COO) effect on these relationships. 296 U.S. restaurant customers recruited via a market research company completed the online survey. Structural equation modeling was used for data analyses. The results indicated that dining involvement had a direct positive effect on customers’ intention to dine out. Moreover, both perceived importance of preventive measures and dining involvement could enhance customers’ intention to dine out indirectly via brand trust. Positive COO effect moderated the relationship between perceived importance of preventive measures and brand trust. The study provided significant implications for restaurant operators in the U.S during the reopening period.     

Impact of online reviews on hotel booking intention: The moderating role of brand image,star category,and price

This paper analyses the impact of online reviews on hotel booking intention. The moderating effect of brand image, star category, and price on this relationship was also tested. A quantitative approach has been followed by collecting questionnaires from a convenience sample of 432 customers who have previous experience with online booking. Results of the research revealed that reviews with positive valence do not affect booking intention, while reviews with negative valence have a strong impact. In addition, it was found that several moderators made this impact more or less severe. Brand image demonstrated a slight moderating effect due to the factor's inherent subjective nature. A moderating effect was also observed for both price importance and star category on the relationship. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the need for hotel managers to address online customer reviews, and specifically negative ones, to take advantage of promotional opportunities.     

Environmental corporate social responsibility and the strategy to boost the airline’s image and customer loyalty intentions

This study aimed to uncover the role of an airline’s environmental corporate social responsibility in conjunction with building loyalty intentions of its customers while considering the mediating impact of its brand image, love and respect, as well as the moderating effect of environmental concerns. Our results from the structural analysis showed the salient role of environmental corporate social responsibility in determining loyalty intentions, and it was also a significant contributor to improving brand image, love, and respect that acted as significant mediators. Moreover, the results demonstrated a significant moderating effect of environmental concern on the brand respect and loyalty relationship.     

Influence of the user’s psychological factors on the online purchase intention in rural tourism: Integrating innovativeness to the UTAUT framework

This study explores the process of adoption of new information technologies by the users of rural tourism services and, more concretely, the underlying psychological factors of individuals that explain their intentions to make bookings or reservations directly through the websites of the rural accommodations (online purchase intentions). Based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), this study establishes a theoretical model that includes five explanatory variables of the online purchase intention: performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, and innovativeness. The empirical results obtained in a sample of 1083 tourists that had previously visited several websites of rural accommodations suggest that the online purchase intention is positively influenced by: 1) the levels of performance and effort expected with regard to the transaction; and 2) the level of innovativeness of users. In addition, the innovativeness construct has a moderating effect on the relationship between performance expectancy and online purchase intention.     

Unraveling the dynamic and contingency mechanism between service experience and customer engagement with luxury hotel brands

This study unravels the dynamic and contingency mechanism between service experience and customer engagement with luxury hotel brands by investigating a multi-step model linking these two variables, in which emotional attachment and relational quality constructs (i.e., brand satisfaction, brand trust, and brand commitment) act as a bridge, while customer involvement acts as a moderator. Based on a self-administered survey dataset of 249 international tourists who are customers of luxury hotel brands, partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) is used to test the hypotheses. The results indicate that all proposed hypotheses are supported. As such, this study discovers and clarifies the nature and dynamic mechanism underpinning the co-creation and reciprocation process of customer engagement with luxury hotels. In particular, the positive service experience is found to contribute to customer engagement via emotional attachment and relational marketing. Furthermore, the moderating role of customer involvement in the luxury hotel setting is confirmed.     

Impacts of cruise industry corporate social responsibility reputation on customers’ loyalty: Mediating role of trust and identification

Despite the high relevance of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in service businesses, investigations of its influence on the cruise sector are scarce. Relying on institutional theory, this study proposes a model with cruise customers’ trust and identification as the key factors between CSR reputation and customers’ loyalty. Using data from 292 cruise customers, results support the impact of customers’ perceived CSR reputation of cruise companies on two relational constructs and loyal behavior. Only customers’ identification mediates the relationships between reputation and brand loyalty. Thus, findings suggest that cruise customers likely form high-level loyal behavior when they perceive companies’ CSR activities and their similarities with such companies. From these significant findings, the authors draw several theoretical and practical implications, including the importance of enhancing the company’s focus on its CSR reputations. This study also provides directions to promote identity strengths for enhancing the impact of CSR reputation on company performance.     

A Multilevel Investigation of the Role of Retail Stores in Cross-Border Shopping

This study postulates that individual retail stores play a central role in attracting tourists to engage in cross-border shopping, and it examines both individual-level and store-level effects on cross-border shopping motives and behaviors. It proposes a framework of relationships leading from cross-border shopping motives to store outcomes and destination outcomes through the mediating roles of store loyalty program benefits and store shopping satisfaction. This study further examines the cross-level direct and moderating effects of store brand image. By using a multilevel design, this study seeks to better identify the role of retail stores in tourism shopping.