新疆自治区农地流转规模效益与风险分析

中国的农业现代化必须建立在农业适度规模经营的基础上,农业生产走规模经营的路子也是现代化的需要。因此,农村土地承包经营权流转作为扩大农业经营规模、提高农业生产效益的手段不断被加以推广。新疆地区地域广阔,南北疆自然及社会经济条件差异大,因此不同区域农地流转条件和效果不同。本文在实地调研的基础上,将新疆的农地流转情况分为四大类型,统计分析农地规模,以探讨农地流转后是否能产生规模效益和农地流转的风险为主,运用DEA模型和案例比较的方法,对新疆地区农地流转的规模效益与风险进行分析。研究发现：以玛纳斯县为代表的北疆棉区棉农在农地转入后,农地总面积增加、户均每块地面积也增大,这表明农地流转使得植棉规模扩大并且产生规模效益,南疆则存在一定流转风险,主要分3类：生计风险、经营风险和交易风险。因此应分区分类指导流转。     

Changing land use in the countryside: Stakeholders’ perception of the ongoing rural planning processes in Flanders

Rural areas in densely populated regions face increasing competition for land. Consequently, land use planning processes must attempt to balance the goals of diverse stakeholders and the process of reaching consensus becomes more complicated. By investigating the perception of the actors involved in rural planning, this research contributes to the knowledge of the strengths and weaknesses of such processes. We have focused on the case of rural planning processes in Flanders in which proponents of nature and agriculture are competing for land. Data are collected through open interviews with key actors such as farmers, representatives of nature preservation organisations, farmers’ unions, and employees of the relevant governmental policy areas. Data analysis according to the grounded theory approach resulted in six categories and 26 concepts that represent the stakeholders’ perception of difficulties in the Flemish rural planning approach. Three points where difficulties arise are (1) the link between envisioning, drawing up the plan and implementation, (2) the need for data, and (3) the role of sectors. We use three concepts from literature (procedural justice, distributive justice and value conflicts) to frame the difficulties observed. Based on this analysis, we discuss several ways to improve rural planning processes.     

Marginal periurban agricultural areas: A support method for landscape planning

The significant proportion of often abandoned marginal/enclosed agricultural land in city peripheries has given rise to the need for studying the delicate relationship between built-up areas and rural land. These issues are exacerbated where metropolitan settlement has no bounds and begins to invade the rural space juxtaposed between cities and urban areas.This marginal land, in particular where a minimum of agricultural activity persists, could provide support to urban activities for recreation, farm services and local production of goods, reducing energy consumption, greenhouse-gas emissions, global warming and packaging, conserving biodiversity. These actions will allow the composting and the reuse of treated waste waters for irrigation.In particular, urban agriculture can play an educational role by contributing to reducing crime and improving community/ethnic relations, encouraging time spent in the open air and ensuring food safety.This study describes a methodology related to the analysis, to the identification, of the residual agricultural areas, differentiating them in accordance with the various levels of rurality to indicate the models of use, which allow to enhance the local landscape situations (preservation of the agricultural function or insertion of integrated activities) obtaining the pertinent valorisation. This methodology has been applied to the metropolitan area in the North zone of Catania.The method has three distinct phases: (1) land analysis and GIS construction consists of acquiring and georeferencing cartographic data, field studies to check and update the maps, and carry out a questionnaire on farm data; (2) data processing with GIS to create some thematic maps; (3) proposal of suitable land-use models.     

不同模式农地整治对耕地细碎化的影响效应 及其区域差异 ——来自湖北省江汉平原与武陵山区的经验证据

研究目的：基于湖北省江汉平原、武陵山区483份农户调查数据,分析不同模式农地整治对耕地细碎化的影响效应及其区域差异,探求适应现代农业发展的耕地细碎化治理新路径。研究方法：综合指数法、双重差分模型。研究结果：（1）政府主导模式和新农主导模式通过促进地块集中连片的土地平整工程,改善农业生产关系的权属调整工作,共同降低自然因素和产权因素造成的耕地细碎化;（2）相对于政府主导模式,新农主导模式定位于现代农业发展,农地流转与农地整治的耦合度更高,土地平整工程和权属调整的比例更高,对耕地细碎化的治理效果也更为明显;（3）与丘陵山区农地整治相比,平原地区农地整治更能显著降低耕地细碎化。研究结论：建议继续大力实施政府主导模式和新农主导模式的农地整治,结合区域自然资源禀赋、产业布局、区位优势,总结和完善农地整治的地域模式,因地制宜地推进土地平整工程和权属调整工作,全面促进现代农业高质量发展。     

沈阳市农村土地整治模式与策略探索

农村土地整治是依法在农村地区对田、水、路、林、村进行综合整治,目的是提高土地利用率,优化用地布局.利用区位要素进行土地整治模式选择,从中心城区城镇密集发展区、东部生态农业和生态旅游发展区、中部平原高效农业发展区和西部农牧综合发展区4类区域分别探讨了差别化的农村土地整治模式,并从坚持规划先行,坚持资源整合,坚持尊重民意3方面进行了土地整治策略探索.     

完善农用地产权体系的有效途径

农用地产权体系的构建是土地法律制度的核心内容,是解决"三农"问题的关键,是保障农民权利的核心因素。土地的归属关系、利用关系和流转关系是农用地产权体系的三个框架和支柱,科学合理地处理好以上关系是保护农用地权利的有效途径,应明确集体土地所有权主体,确保土地承包经营权的物权性质。     

A model for big spatial rural data infrastructure in Turkey: Sensor-driven and integrative approach

A Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) enables the effective spatial data flow between providers and users for their prospective land use analyses. The need for an SDI providing soil and land use inventories is crucial in order to optimize sustainable management of agricultural, meadow and forest lands. In an SDI where datasets are static, it is not possible to make quick decisions about land use. Therefore, SDIs must be enhanced with online data flow and the capabilities to store big volumes of data. This necessity brings the concepts of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data (BD) into the discussion.Turkey needs to establish an SDI to monitor and manage its rural lands. Even though Turkish decision-makers and scientists have constructed a solid national SDI standardization, a conceptual model for rural areas has not been developed yet. In accordance with the international agreements, this model should adopt the INSPIRE Directive and Land Parcel Identification System (LPIS) standards. In order to manage rural lands in Turkey, there are several legislations which characterize the land use planning, land classification and restrictions. Especially, the Soil Protection and Land Use Law (SPLUL) enforces to use a lot and a variety of land use parameters that should be available in a big rural SDI. Moreover, this model should be enhanced with IoT, which enables to use of smart sensors to collect data for monitoring natural occurrences and other parameters that may help to classify lands.This study focuses on a conceptual model of a Turkish big rural SDI design that combines the sensor usage and attribute datasets for all sorts of rural lands. The article initially reviews Turkish rural reforms, current enterprises to a national SDI and sensor-driven agricultural monitoring. The suggested model integrates rural land use types, such as agricultural lands, meadowlands and forest lands. During the design process, available data sets and current legislation for Turkish rural lands are taken into consideration. This schema is associated with food security databases (organic and good farming practices), non-agricultural land use applications and local/European subsidies in order to monitor the agricultural parcels on which these practices are implemented. To provide a standard visualization of this conceptual schema, the Unified Modeling Language (UML) class diagrams are used and a supplementary data dictionary is prepared to make clear definitions of the attributes, data types and code lists used in the model.This conceptual model supports the LPIS, ISO 19156 International Standard (Geographic Information: Observations and Measurements) catalogue and INSPIRE data theme specifications due to the fact that Turkey is negotiating the accession to EU; however, it also provides a local understanding that enables to manage rural lands holistically for sustainable development goals. It suggests an expansion for the sensor variety of Turkish agricultural monitoring project (TARBIL) and it specifies a rural theme for Turkish National SDI (TUCBS).     

Impact of land tenure on land use in low-income countries

The role of land tenure in agricultural development has been a subject of intensive research, particularly within the context of land and agrarian reform. The complexity of the world's major land tenure systems is well recognized and no attempt is made here to go beyond an overview as this paper limits itself to the impact of land tenure on land use in low income situations. Present land use is determined by a host of factors, of a physical/biological and socioeconomic nature. In applying land evaluation, the question it is necessary to ask is to what extent, when and where land tenure conditions act as a considerable constraining factor impeding a more optimal use of land resources. Even in what used to be low-population density areas (such as Sub-Saharan Africa) it appears that the frontier phase is becoming exhausted and the intensification of agriculture proceeds; it becomes imperative to examine land tenure in relation to land use implications. It is shown that so far a multi-disciplinary approach has often been lacking in treating land tenure and related issues.     

Policy directions for agricultural land use in Australia and other post-industrial economies

Farming has been the basis to work, culture and social forces for millennia. It still dominates the lives of most of the world's poorer people, but in post-industrial western countries agriculture's contribution to national economies is now minor. Nevertheless, most OECD countries’ agricultural policies are aimed at maintaining the size of this sector even where this conflicts with its economic significance or adversely affects the environment. Australia has a first world economy, but a third world export profile, with 20% of its export value derived from agriculture. Although it is efficient in agricultural man-power, this sector consumes 70% of the water and 60% of the land resources of the continent to produce food for an estimated 55 million people. Agricultural policies maintain the productivity of the sector, but are ineffective in stemming the associated environmental degradation, biodiversity loss and rural population decline. As in other post-industrial societies, Australia needs to re-define what its agriculture sector represents, environmentally and socially. This will require greater reappraisal of property rights, public and private benefits and legal structures supporting both. More effective alternative policies are needed for large tracts of unproductive farmland where environmental and social decline are endemic. This paper explores alternative options that offer more balanced prospects in the face of current paradoxes, including paying farmers directly for stewardship services, providing better incentives for retiring non-productive areas from agricultural land use, and retiring watersheds, streamlines and other areas of essential environmental function from agricultural production for better biodiversity conservation.     

规划情景约束下山地丘陵区土地利用空间格局模拟*——以重庆市綦江区为例

[目的]以重庆市綦江区为研究对象,通过模拟预测2010—2020年规划调控影响下研究区的土地利用空间格局变化特征,以期为目标情景下土地利用规划的空间实施提供技术支持。[方法]文章通过构建Dyna-CLUE模型分别模拟研究区在自然增长和规划约束引导下的土地利用空间格局,并对照自然情景进而分析规划约束下土地利用空间格局的表现特征。[结果]比较AutoLogistic模型与传统Logistic模型回归结果发现,除建设用地外,其他地类的ROC值都有显著提升;对比两种情景模拟结果发现,到2020年,研究区内耕地、农村居民点、未利用地较自然情景显著减少,林地、园地显著增加,城镇建设用地增长规模较自然增长情景减少171.86hm~2;规划情景约束下,2010—2015年研究区地类转移以耕地转建设用地为主,2015—2020年以耕地转林地为主,耕地转建设用地次之,再次为农村居民点转耕地。[结论]Dyna-CLUE模型模拟中,运用添加自相关因子的AutoLogistic模型代替传统Logistic模型进行空间驱动力分析,能够显著提升模型模拟精度;规划约束下,退耕还林、农村居民点复垦和农业结构调整等工作的开展是耕地减少、林园地显著增加,建设用地规模得以控制的重要原因;退耕还林成果在规划约束情景中得到较好体现,表明规划目标对于引导土地利用空间格局定向变化有重要作用,但是丘陵山地的耕地减少态势也需得到足够重视,建议推进耕地产能建设从而协调生态保护与粮食安全间的用地需求。     

中国传统农业规划实践与启示

[目的]从土地利用规划、村镇规划、水利工程规划、生态环境规划等四个方面论述传统农业规划的主要做法和经验,并总结对现阶段我国农业和农村建设的启示。[方法]采用文献调研与对比研究相结合的方法,通过文献调研总结古代农业规划经验,利用对比研究提出对我国现代农业发展的启示。[结果]传统农业强调因地制宜,根据土壤质量、气候条件等优化农产品布局,充分考虑环境容量、便利性、环境改善等进行城镇规划,注重风水理论在村镇规划中应用,按照尊重自然、顺应自然、融入自然、灌排调相结合建设了一批重大水利工程。[结论]传统农业规划思想对于土地利用及产业布局优化、农业生态环境的保护与制度建设、新农村建设等具有重要的借鉴意义。     

2018年土地科学研究重点进展评述及2019年展望——土地资源、利用与规划分报告

研究目的：总结2018年国内外土地资源、利用与规划领域的研究进展,展望2019年国内研究趋势。研究方法：文献调查法。研究结果：2018年国内研究侧重于土地资源资产、土地生态状况评估、土地利用视角下的碳排放、土地利用及其评价、国土空间规划、村级土地利用规划等方面;国外研究主要集中在土地资源配置与保护、土地生态、土地利用变化与可持续性、土地利用规划实践与应用等方面。研究结论：2018年土地资源、利用与规划研究在基础理论层面探索了国土空间规划体系的重构,深入分析了空间规划、国土空间用途管制与自然资源监管的关系,进一步明确国土空间开发保护制度的科学内涵,构建土地利用研究的框架体系;在实践层面探讨自然资源资产负债表编制中土地资源的核算方法,深化乡村振兴、多规合一视角下的村级土地利用规划研究,提出国土空间规划体系建立的构想。2019年的重点研究方向为：构建国土空间规划体系、加强土地资源理论研究、探索自然资源资产负债表和村规划编制研究、深化节约集约用地和农村土地利用问题研究等方面。     

2018年土地科学研究重点进展评述及2019年展望

研究目的：总结2018年国内外土地科学研究的重点进展，展望2019年中国土地科学的发展趋势以及《中国土地科学》重点关注方向。研究方法：文献调研法。研究结果：（1）土地经济领域重点关注城乡土地价格与农地流转影响因素、土地市场化改革与政府行为、土地产权制度变迁与征地冲突等；（2）土地管理领域研究热点主要围绕自然资源管理体制改革、农村土地制度改革与土地法律完善、土地权籍与耕地保护管理等实践问题；（3）土地资源、利用与规划领域研究以探索土地资源资产负债表编制、重视土地生态状况评估、深化土地利用视角下的碳排放研究、创新土地利用模式、探讨国土空间规划体系构建及村级规划为热点；（4）土地工程与技术领域在农地综合整治、复垦技术革新、土地污染修复方法等方面研究逐渐深入，土地信息采集、处理技术不断完善。研究结论：2019年，《中国土地科学》将重点关注国家战略实施下的土地制度改革与土地利用转型、自然资源统一管理下的空间治理体系构建、生态文明建设背景下的土地资源系统科学、信息通讯技术驱动下的土地资源智能管控等研究问题及相关选题方向。     

土地利用规划学30年发展综述

研究目的:系统总结、研究中国土地利用规划学产生以来的发展历程和取得的重要成果,提出中国土地利用规划学的未来发展趋势和土地利用规划学学科建设重点问题及方向。研究方法:文献调研法。研究结果:20世纪80年代以来,土地利用规划学经历了关注全域农地合理利用、以加强耕地保护为关键、以完善土地用途管制为核心的3个演进阶段;土地利用规划理论方法、土地利用规划评价技术、土地利用规划信息技术、土地利用规划协调方法是土地利用规划学的重要研究领域。研究结论:未来应进一步创新具有中国特色的土地利用规划理论和方法、推动由"土地用途管制"向"国土空间用途管制"发展、关注土地利用规划评价体系和方法的系统化和实用化、推进基于生态文明建设视角的空间规划体系创新。     

浙江省1996 — 2005年土地利用变化分析

研究目的：依据浙江省土地概查、土地详查、土地变更调查、土地更新调查成果,分析不同时段土地利用状况,构建浙江省1996 — 2005年“土地利用转移矩阵”,分析各种地类变化情况,为土地利用总体规划修编和实施“以图管地”新机制提供决策依据。研究方法：文献分析法,实证分析法。研究结论：1996 — 2005年,浙江省农业结构调整、生态退耕、农田基础设施建设累计占耕地减少面积的59.39%,城乡居民点及独立工矿、交通、水利等建设占用耕地占37.65%。浙江省优质耕地与快速城市化区域在空间分布上高度重合,必须科学地编制与实施省、市、县、乡4级土地利用总体规划,协调保护耕地与保障城乡建设用地需求间的关系,调控土地利用方向。     

土地综合整治能促进乡村产业转型吗？ ——来自湖北省部分乡村的证据

研究目的：构建乡村产业转型概念框架,并进一步揭示土地综合整治对乡村产业转型的影响机理。研究方法：问卷调查法、双重差分倾向得分匹配法。研究结果：（1）乡村产业转型包括农业生产方式转型、农业组织经营方式转型和农业经营范围转型三个方面;（2）土地综合整治能促进乡村产业转型,且通过了1%的显著性检验,其中农业组织经营方式转型、农业经营范围转型和农业生产方式转型分别通过了1%、1%和5%的显著性检验。研究结论：大力推进全域土地综合整治,充分发挥其在乡村产业转型中的基础性作用;围绕乡村产业发展需要,因地制宜地实施土地综合整治措施;土地综合整治应立足于现代农业发展,确保农业与二三产业高效融合,促进乡村产业可持续转型发展。     

基于农用地分等与农业统计的产能核算研究

研究目的:建立农用地产能核算技术方法体系。研究方法:综合分析法。研究结果:建立了依据农用地自然质量等指数核算农用地远景理论产能的技术方法,建立了依据农用地利用等指数核算农用地当前理论产能的技术方法,建立了依据农业统计数据核算农用地实际产能的技术方法,并且形成了通过三层次产能比较优化农用地利用的机制。研究结论:将农用地产能划分为农用地远景理论产能、当前理论产能和实际产能三个层次并且分别核算,有利于科学地认识农用地产能安全问题并合理开发农用地生产潜力。     

我国宅基地使用管理制度的演变、存在问题和改革途径——基于北京市的调查

通过文献研究和归纳比较法对我国宅基地使用和管理政策演变进行梳理,发现我国宅基地使用和管理制度演变经历了5个阶段,并且对宅基地的所有权和使用权、审批制度和面积标准、确权登记政策、流转政策、退出机制等做了分析,总结宅基地使用和管理现存的主要问题为:"一户一宅"等政策难以落实;"无地可批"和"有地不批"现象普遍存在;确权登记时权属来源材料缺失;自发流转普遍等。提出其改革的途径:同户籍管理制度改革相结合改进宅基地审批制度;形成规划、审批、确权、退出等一体化管理体制;推进房地合一的宅基地确权登记发证工作;实行宅基地"所有权、使用权、经营权"三权分置;统筹谋划,全面实现宅基地财产权。     

基于遥感影像的北京市城市规划区内农用地控制成效分析

研究目的：检验北京市城市规划区内农用地的规划控制成效。研究方法：遥感影像分析、GIS空间分析、实证分析。研究结果：规划农用地边界在控制农用地减少方面的作用十分有限;与1983年总体规划相比,1993年总体规划在农用地边界控制方面的成效略有改善。研究结论：城市规划区内农用地的规划控制尚存在较大问题。可能的调整手段包括：（1）加强对城市建设“界外选址”的控制;（2）在总体规划中充分考虑村镇居民点的扩展规模;（3）建立科学的城市人口规模预测方法;（4）加强农用地规划中的公共参与和公众监督。     

基于最小阻力模型的村域土地资源优化利用布局研究——以栾川县三川镇部分村庄为例

[目的]通过对土地资源利用功能适宜性评价,结合土地利用现状分析,对乡村土地资源利用格局进行优化。[方法]文章以栾川县三川镇部分村庄为例,构建土地资源生产、生活和生态功能分类指标体系,运用MCR模型对村域土地资源利用功能适宜性进行评价,通过分析土地资源利用现状与功能适宜性分区之间的冲突,制定相应的土地资源空间布局优化策略。[结果]（1）根据MCR模型模拟结果,根据适宜性将研究区土地资源划分为生态保护区、限制开发区、后备开发区、优先开发区等4种类型分区;（2）根据土地利用现状与其适宜性之间的矛盾,可将生产功能区内碎片化的农用地、采矿用地和生活空间内零星建设用地优化为生态发展用地和对生态环境具有涵养作用的农业发展用地。优化后的生活用地面积减少了7.86hm2,工矿用地减少49.14hm2,生产用地中的农业用地增加20.11hm2,生态功能用地增加了36.89hm2,实现了农业生产用地集中连片、生活用地集约高效、生态用地充分保障的优化目标;（3）运用MCR模型模拟划定的土地资源分布格局呈现明显的圈层结构,并与当地的自然条件、区位条件相吻合,可为乡村规划和空间重构提供理论指导。[结论]通过村域土...