当前税收超常增长分析和税收政策选择

我国税收近几年来超常增长，通过分析导致税收超常增长因素后发现，我国没有实施与积极财政政策背道而驰的“制度性增税”。但是，新世纪以来的全球化减税浪潮，加上几年来以扩大支出为主的积极财政政策效果不明显且面临越来越多的风险，使得税收收入的超常增长不免引来诸多关于减税的争论。我国通货紧缩的特殊性、现有的税制结构、日益增长的支出需求等因素决定了当前全面减税恐怕得不偿失，但是税收自身独有的特点使得其在当前环境下有所作为。     

A Normative Analysis of Housing-Related Tax Policy in a General Equilibrium Model of Housing Quality and Prices

We evaluate an array of housing-related tax policies in a general equilibrium model with endogenous housing quality and prices. The local government facilitates the provision of local public amenities, financed by an array of housing-related taxes, including a developer gross revenue tax, a property tax, a land tax, and a development license fee. In a competitive spatial equilibrium, all households optimize and reach the same utility, all monopolistically competitive developers optimize and receive zero profit, and both housing and land markets clear. We examine the effects of various tax policies on housing quality, housing prices, land rent, as well as the population and housing density. By evaluating quantitatively the welfare of the local economy, we establish a globally optimal tax scheme in the housing market: complete elimination of the property tax and imposition of a lower gross revenue tax (possibly fully eliminated) than both development and land taxes.     

An Efficiency Approach to the Evaluation of Policy Changes

This paper describes an efficiency approach to the evaluation of policy changes. Rather than comparing the utility allocations that arise before and after a policy change is introduced, this approach evaluates a policy change by comparing it with other possible changes which might be made from the status quo. The main merit of the approach is that it is founded on the Pareto criterion rather than on a distributional value judgement. The paper provides a precise statement of the approach and applies it to a number of examples. Some objections to the approach are also anticipated and discussed.     

人民币汇率制度和出口退税政策的演变及政策评价

汇率制度和出口退税政策一直是开放经济体对外经济制度的重要组成部分,是有效调节出口贸易最重要的两种政策手段。中国的人民币汇率制度和出口退税政策经历了计划经济体制时期、经济转轨时期、社会主义市场经济体制初步确立时期、亚洲金融危机时期、全球经济危机时期六个发展阶段,其中1978—1993年人民币汇率的贬值对出口的促进作用较为明显,1994—2010年出口退税成为影响出口的重要因素。目前,随着人民币渐进升值,出口退税成为影响出口和产业结构调整的重要政策工具。     

欧盟新农业政策的特点和在比利时的实施

欧盟新农业政策的主要特点：一是把对农民的直接补贴与产量脱钩,农民具有更多的自主性;二是与环境、食品安全、畜牧标准相结合,实现农业和农村的可持续发展。本文简要介绍了欧盟及成员国比利时的农村服务体系、监督机制、多功能农业等基本情况,对我国农业政策和新农村建设有一定参考意义。     

以新的视野探讨税收理论与政策——评安福仁教授的新著《税收理论与政策研究》

社会的经济活动是人类生存与发展的基础,社会经济的运行依赖私人和公共部门两大类主体的协调配合.特别是目前,在完善与发展社会主义市场经济和构建社会主义和谐社会的过程中,特别需要政府运用税收政策工具对社会经济进行宏观调控.     

出口退税政策调整对中国出口影响的实证分析

2007年7月1日,中国大规模下调了出口退税率。本文运用倍差法(difference in difference),对出口退税率降低引起的出口变动进行了实证分析。结果表明:出口退税率下调对易引起贸易摩擦的商品出口增长率负影响显著,对高耗能、高污染、资源型产品的出口增长率负影响不显著。对政策动态影响和对多次政策调整的分析进一步验证了这一结果。本文据此认为该项政策部分而非全部达到了预想的效果。     

政府间税收划分:理论分析与政策选择

1978年中国开始了市场取向的经济体制改革,财政分权是由计划经济向市场经济转型的一个重要方面。实践表明,推行以分税制为基础的财政体制以来,中央政府收入由之前的20%左右提高至50%以上,并且一直保持着这一水平。然而,在地方政府收入份额大大降低的同时,其支出任务并未相应减少,70%的公共支出仍由地方政府负担,其中通过地方税为其支出融资的比重仅占二分之一。     

Tax Policy and Tax Administration in Russia: The Case of the Banking Sector

The 'informal' sector of an economy is generally seen as a private sphere, where agents seek to escape the reach of the state and, in particular, the tax organs. However, given the weakness of the Russian state and the enormous scale of informal economic activity, the fiscal authorities try to cope, at least in part, by adopting informal strategies of their own. This paper aims to deepen our understanding of how this informal fiscal system actually works. While the analysis here focuses on the banking system, its implications for tax and accounting reform extend far beyond the banking sector.     

税收征管权集中与服务业企业实际税负——基于PSM方法的政策效应分析

本文利用2008年企业所得税征管机构调整的政策契机,采用新三板上市服务业企业2015年和2016年财务报告数据,运用倾向评分匹配(PSM)法,比较政策实施前后成立的可比企业所得税实际税负,探究税收征管权集中对服务业企业所得税实际税负的影响。研究发现:征管权集中会显著提高服务业企业所得税实际税负,且当服务业企业的空间集聚程度较低时影响较大;依据企业特征分组,征管权集中只对享受优惠税率的高新技术企业或资本规模较大的企业有显著影响。税收征管权集中能够显著提高所得税征管效率,应当成为所得税征管制度改革的方向,同时应加强对地方政府征管企业的稽查力度,减少税收竞争造成的所得税流失和税负不公。长远地看,税收征管权集中会显著提升所得税实际税负,应当适时调整所得税优惠政策,为企业降成本。     

欧盟气候政策的利益导向及对中国的启示

自20世纪90年代以来,欧盟一直是全球气候谈判的主导者,其低碳技术领先全球,将世界各国尤其是美国、中国等排放大国纳入其主导的全球气候谈判体系符合欧盟三大布局主导下的核心战略目标.全球气候谈判的焦灼,迫使欧盟通过欧盟—拉美峰会、非加太—欧盟联合大会等平台,拉拢利益合作伙伴,以增加其主导气候谈判走向的砝码.欧盟气候政策的转变,削弱了气候谈判中以中国为代表的发展中国家谈判阵营的力量,使中国日益面临谈判伙伴减少,乃至被孤立的风险,增加了未来的谈判压力和难度.为此,中国要加紧对欧盟气候外交长期战略布局的研究,密切关注欧盟今后的气候外交政策动向,制定长期气候外交政策战略,同时加紧国内低碳转型的速度与力度.     

Quotas on Clothing Imports: Impact and Determinants of EU Trade Policy

We assess the impact of the phasing‐out of quotas on European clothing imports within the framework of the phase‐out of the Multi‐Fiber Agreement and the accession of the CEEC. We use 1996 data on trade barriers for 20 categories of clothing products and 22 exporters. The estimation of a standard gravity equation concludes that tariffs have a large and negative impact as expected but seldom corroborated in the literature. The negative impact of non‐tariff barriers also appears clearly after controlling for an endogeneity bias by the instrumental variables method. The phasing‐out of quotas should increase EU imports by 20%.     

美国的生态税收政策及其对我国的启示

二战后,随着西方工业化国家环境问题的日益严重,在税收方面,生态税制逐渐成为研究热点。20世纪80年代至90年代,越来越多的国家将生态税收付诸实践。虽然美国建立税收制度的历史并不长,但在实施生态税制方面却积累了很多经验,并取得了显著成效,其很多做法值得我国借鉴。     

Measuring Economic Insecurity Using a Counting Approach. An Application to Three EU Countries

In this paper, we propose the use of a multidimensional approach to the measurement of economic insecurity in three European countries. We combine six different unidimensional indicators proxying the subjective and objective determinants of economic insecurity into a single index based on a counting approach method, which allows us to measure the incidence and the intensity of the phenomenon. Using longitudinal data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) from 2008 to 2016, we find that the incidence of insecurity falls as income grows, being significantly present in middle-income households both in Spain and France but not in Sweden. Interestingly, in all three countries, the contribution of different dimensions to insecurity changes as household income grows, while for all income levels a higher education and being employed in a non-fixed term contract are strongly related to a lower probability of being economically insecure.     

欧盟区域科技政策及其对我国经济结构转型地区的启示

二战后,区域经济一体化成为世界经济发展的趋势和潮流,欧盟的组建无疑是其中最成功的代表。在促进欧洲一体化的进程中,欧盟的区域政策在缩小成员国经济发展差距和实现协调发展方面发挥了举足轻重的作用,尤其是区域科技政策在推动欧盟的工业衰退地区完成经济和社会变革方面成效显著。通过具体数据和案例对欧盟的区域科技政策进行了详细分析,并论述其对我国经济结构转型地区(主要是我国的东北和中部地区)的借鉴意义。     

基于CGE模型的环境税优惠政策的环保效应分析

通过建立一个CGE模型,并对该模型在存在和不存在环境税优惠政策两种场景下的社会产出、产品供应和社会福利状况进行模拟分析,考察环境税优惠政策的环保效应。结果表明,环境税的税收减免在长期内对社会福利的影响不大,但是,它却会对环境税的环境保护效果产生较大的负面影响。在使用税收减免工具时,政府要从社会福利和环境保护、能源使用等方面加以考虑,避免社会总福利的净损失。     

欧盟新能源产业政策的基本特征及启示

按照欧盟支持新能源产业政策发展的4个阶段,对其演变过程进行了分析;从科技及产业政策的一般构成要素出发,揭示了欧盟支持新能源产业发展政策的3个基本特征,即认清产业本质特征基础上的统一战略,以技术领先及社会机制构造为主的整体体系,创造符合自然生态的战略及政策实施环境和条件;并结合我国现有支持新能源产业发展政策及存在的问题,提出了若干建议和启示。