FDI导致中国制造业价格贸易条件恶化了吗?——基于微观贸易数据的GMM方法研究

本文通过建立SITC五位数分类商品与制造业28个行业的对照表,基于微观贸易数据测算了中国制造业28个行业的价格贸易条件,并采用动态面板GMM估计从行业层面分析了FDI对制造业价格贸易条件的影响。研究结果表明:首先,不是所有制造业行业的价格贸易条件都恶化,科技含量较高行业的价格贸易条件不断改善;其次,实证研究证明FDI与中国制造业价格贸易条件正相关,FDI不是造成中国制造业价格贸易条件恶化的因素;最后,增加制造业各行业的资本和科技投入,实施规模生产是改善制造业价格贸易条件的有效途径。     

多维视角下FDI流入的中国贸易条件效应

最近十几年,FDI流入对中国所产生的贸易条件效应出现了新的变化。FDI流入对中国产生了"工资外溢"效应,但并没能通过该效应改善其价格贸易条件;FDI流入没有从根本上改善中国的贸易结构,从而导致较大的价格贸易条件波动性。FDI流入的大幅增加,使得中国对外贸易出口数量也大幅增加,从而在很大程度上弥补了中国价格贸易条件的恶化,带来了其收入贸易条件的改善。相对而言,FDI流入对中国的单要素及多要素贸易条件的改善幅度远小于收入贸易条件,因此,中国在大量引入FDI的同时,应大力提高生产率和技术水平,实现其单要素贸易条件和双要素贸易条件的改善最大化。     

近代中国对美国贸易的贸易条件分析

中美贸易是近代中国三大（中英、中日和中美）对外贸易之一。中国对美国的贸易条件虽然并不完全有利于中国,但也未见明显恶化,甚至在１９２０年以后直至１９３６年,中国的贸易条件呈逐步改善的趋势。这与中国同期对外贸易条件日益恶化的事实形成鲜明对比。因此可以说,发展中国家与发达国家进行贸易,其贸易条件并非完全不利于发展中国家。     

FDI对我国贸易条件的影响

我国吸引的外商直接投资(FDI)一直呈逐年上升趋势,外资企业进出口占我国对外贸易的比重也呈上升趋势,而我国的价格贸易条件则呈现下降的趋势.本文主要分析了FDI流入对我国价格贸易条件、收入贸易条件和要素贸易条件的影响.提出我国引资政策应由"数量"向"质量"转变.     

我国价格贸易条件与经济增长关系的探讨

本文通过实证分析,得出了近年来我国对外贸易量增长而价格贸易条件恶化的结论,并提出了改善贸易条件的对策建议.     

FDI对我国贸易条件的影响

我国吸引的外商直接投资（FDI）一直呈逐年上升趋势，外资企业进出口占我国对外贸易的比重也呈上升趋势，而我国的价格贸易条件则呈现下降的趋势。本文主要分析了FDI流入对我国价格贸易条件、收入贸易条件和要素贸易条件的影响，提出我国引资政策应由“数量”向“质量”转变。     

我国对外贸易形势与转变增长方式的研究

本文介绍了2005年我国对外贸易形势,并就对外贸易中贸易条件恶化、竞争力下降的原因进行分析,提出了转变对外贸易增长方式的几点理论思考。     

近代广西梧州口岸贸易条件分析(1897-1947)

梧州在近代广西对外贸易中占有十分重要的地位。文章对近代梧州综合贸易条件及其变动的系统量化分析证明:近代梧州的贸易条件虽然并不完全有利于梧州,但也未见明显恶化,1920~1936年呈逐步改善的趋势,这与同期中国贸易条件日益恶化的事实形成鲜明对比。     

贸易条件趋势与进出口波动:基于1980~2006年亚洲国家和地区的实证研究——兼论其对中国的启示

本文对亚洲国家在1980~2006年间贸易条件趋势及进出口波动的平稳性进行了实证研究。实证研究结果表明:出口增长不一定能够长期改善贸易条件,进口增长也并不一定长期恶化贸易条件,而确保进口波动的长期平稳才是促使亚洲国家贸易条件呈现长期平稳趋势的关键因素。同时,本文发现中国大陆在这期间的出口增长对其贸易条件的改善作用不足以抑制贸易条件在短期恶化的趋势,这与中国大陆在现今国际外贸市场的激烈竞争之下出口商品的单位价格逐渐下降有关。本文对此提出了几点建议。     

我国贸易条件变动趋势分析

在当今激烈的国际竞争环境中,贸易条件对经济发展有越来越重要的影响.贸易条件包括商品贸易条件、收入贸易条件、单要素贸易条件、双要素贸易条件四种.尽管我国的商品价格贸易条件存在长期恶化趋势,但由于出口量的巨大增长,使我国总体的贸易收入条件还是大大改善了.     

外商直接投资对我国服务贸易的影响研究——基于1982～2010年时间序列数据的实证分析

本文基于向量自回归(VAR)模型,利用我国1982～2010年度的经济数据,对我国外商直接投资对我国服务贸易的影响进行实证分析,结果表明:外商直接投资与我国服务贸易进口、出口之间存在协整关系;服务贸易进口与FDI存在双向的因果关系。无论从长期或短期来看,外商直接投资对我国服务贸易进出口的效应均为正。基于此,我国应制定相关吸引外资的政策,重视服务贸易人才培养,并促进我国货物贸易出口与服务贸易出口协调发展,进而发挥货物贸易出口对服务贸易出口的带动作用。     

Exchange market pressure, trade, sovereign credit ratings, and U.S. exports in banking services

As a leader in providing banking services in the global market, it is important to understand the variables that influence U.S. exports in banking services. This paper examines the influence that trade, sovereign credit ratings, and exchange market pressure have on U.S. exports of banking services. The empirical evidence indicates that higher trade activity and a higher sovereign credit rating reduce U.S. exports of banking services. The results also suggest that exchange market pressure positively affects U.S. exports of banking services. Tests for individual and random effects across units suggest most of the variation in the estimators is within units.     

Dynamic effects of institutions on firm-level exports

The gap between theoretically predicted trade patterns and actual trade suggests that our understanding of what shapes trade patterns is incomplete. Institutional barriers may be one factor behind this gap, and recent research suggests that institutions are a greater obstacle to trade than tariffs. Using detailed firm-level data, we analyze how institutional quality in recipient countries affects exports by Swedish firms. Our results suggest that weak institutions in recipient countries make exports to these countries less likely and that exports to countries with weak institutions are characterized by relatively short duration and small volume. Analyzing long-term trade flows, we identified a learning process where exporters become less dependent on institutional quality in the target economy over time. More specifically, in addition to previous research that emphasize learning related to knowledge about the contracting partner and rule of law, we extend this notion and show that there is also a learning process where firms acquire knowledge about the general business climate. When learning about the contractual partner and business institutions in recipients countries takes place, exports increase relatively quickly during the first 2 years of exports and thereafter levels out. Hence, firms that are initially sensitive to weak institutions, start small, and learn how to handle foreign institutions are likely to be most successful in maintaining long-term relationships with foreign markets.     

International Trade Finance and Exports: Evidence from Korean Bank-Intermediated Trade Finance Instruments

This paper investigates the effects of trade finance shocks on real exports by using novel data on two bank-intermediated instruments of trade finance in Korea: foreign trade loans extended by commercial banks and documentary bills purchased by them. Using a vector autoregression (VAR) model, the results show that a negative shock to both instruments adversely affects exports, particularly the exports of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The trade financing condition explains as much as 10–14 % of the variation in exports, which is comparable to the estimates in previous studies. Noteworthy is that the effects of trade finance on SME exports vary upon whether it is pre- or post-shipment financing.     

Does foreign aid promote recipient exports to donor countries?

This paper uses the gravity model of trade to investigate the effect of foreign aid on exports of aid recipients to donor countries. Most of the theoretical work emphasises the possible negative impact of aid on recipient countries’ exports, primarily due to exchange rate appreciation, disregarding possible positive effects of aid in overcoming supply bottlenecks and promoting bilateral trade relations. Using non-stationary panel (cointegration) estimators to control for omitted variable and endogeneity bias, we find that the net effect of aid on recipient countries’ exports is insignificant, both for our sample (of 123 countries) as a whole and for important regional sub-samples. This finding is in line with the small or insignificant macroeconomic impact of aid found in earlier studies and also suggests that exporters in recipient countries are not benefiting from improved trade relations with donors.     

全球华人网络的出口贸易效应及其影响机制研究

文章利用全球131个国家(或地区)的华人网络和贸易数据,考察了华人网络对国家之间出口贸易的影响,通过区分华人网络中的直接联系与间接联系,检验了移民偏好机制和移民信息机制的有效性。研究结果表明:华人网络不仅会通过直接联系促进中国对海外华人所在国出口贸易的增长,而且会通过间接联系带动海外华人所在国之间出口贸易规模的扩大;移民信息机制是华人网络促进国家之间出口贸易增长的主要机制,但是,华人网络会同时通过移民信息机制和移民偏好机制促进差异化商品和资本品出口贸易增长。进一步的研究发现,发达国家移民网络的出口贸易创造效应普遍高于发展中国家,华人网络的出口贸易创造效应明显高于其他发展中国家。因此,中国不仅要重视海外华人在促进中国出口发展中的重要作用,而且要积极地引进国际人才特别是来自发达国家的国际人才,通过参与其他国家的移民网络构建中国与世界各国的联系,促进中国出口贸易稳定增长。     

Higher education expansion and domestic value added in exports: Theory and evidence from China

This paper analyzes the impact of China’s higher education expansion on domestic value added in exports. To be specific, we firstly construct a nested CES production function model, with import inputs being complementary to skilled labors, and substitutable to unskilled labors. By exploiting China’s higher education expansion as a quasi-natural experiment, this paper accurately examines the causal effect of the human capital expansion on the domestic value-added in exports. The results show that human capital expansion has negative effects on the domestic value-added in exports, and this result is driven by import inputs increase and processing trade engagement. We also find that the effect is more prominent for processing trade, foreign-invested firms, high-tech firms and disciplines of science and engineering.     

The Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA) and its impacts on the export efficiency of Hong Kong and Macao

The Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA) is a bilateral preferential agreement signed among China, Hong Kong, and Macao which opens up the China market by providing zero tariff after accession. This paper sheds light to the impacts of the CEPA on merchandise trade with an in-depth analysis on export efficiency. Despite that merchandise trade has already been fully liberalized, the estimation results indicate that the efficiency of exports to China has been on the decline since 2000. This implies that the actual value of exports to China has departed from its full potential, and confirms our suspicions on the incapability of the CEPA to boost the exports of Hong Kong and Macao to China. There is also no evidence to support that the CEPA has successfully attracted foreign investment to Hong Kong and Macao for tariff free exports to China.     

New Insights on US Aggregate and State Level Trade with the China Region

Aggregate trade data with breakdown into related and non‐related party components show that US multinational enterprises use different trading strategies in the China region relative to other countries. US trade with the China region in 2002–2007 is characterized by arm's‐length transactions. State‐level trade data show great variability in state engagement with the region through trade: exports to the region range from 1 to 28 percent of state exports. In addition, compared to exports to other countries, exports to the region are highly concentrated. At the extreme, for some states, 96–98 percent of exports to the region are computer and electronic products. Finally, gravity regressions show that state exports to Hong Kong are positively associated with the relative size of the Hong Kong‐born population in the states. There is no evidence that stricter labor regimes lead to lower state exports.     

中国出口复杂度的测度与影响因素分析

本文采用1996～2006年期间细分至HS-10位数编码分类的商品贸易数据分别测度了中国产品层面和国家层面的出口复杂度,考察了不同投资贸易类型出口产品复杂度的演化趋势,并引入金融发展水平指标对我国国家层面出口复杂度的影响因素进行了实证分析。结果显示,1996～2006年间,我国出口产品结构虽然从行业层面而言是逐步改善与提升的,但加工贸易类出口产品的出口复杂度高于非加工贸易类出口产品的出口复杂度,并且国内投资的加工贸易产品为最主要的推动力;就1996～2006年而言,我国出口复杂度的主要推动因素仍为非熟练劳动力和价格,但价格主导的影响机制正逐渐向利率主导的影响机制转化。