经济增长、收入分配与减贫效应——基于1991-2004年面板数据的分析

利用CHNS数据,计算FGT指数,分解贫困变动,计算贫困弹性及减贫增长率。发现减贫效果具有波动性,经济增长对减贫具有正效应,但收入分配在不同时期减贫效应不同。1991-1997年贫困人口从经济中获益低于非贫困人口,1997-2004年与此相反。2000-2004年间,经济增长对赤贫不利,而收入分配对赤贫有利。政策含义在于,制定减贫政策时,既要考虑经济增长又要考虑收入分配;在贫困人口内部,根据遭受贫困的程度,制定不同的减贫政策;进行减贫评估时关注贫困人口构成。     

收入增长、劳动力外出与农村居民财产分布——基于四省农村的住户调查分析

本文在四省农村住户调查数据的基础上讨论了农村居民收入和外出行为对于家庭财产积累的影响。结果表明,农村居民的财产分布不均等程度要高于收入的不均等性,金融资产的不均等性尤其要高一些;财产不均等与收入不均等之间具有非常密切的关联性,收入不均等将转化为财产不均等。本文的结果也发现,家庭的外出决策对于财产积累,特别是金融资产的积累具有重要影响。     

收入增长与分配结构扭曲的农村减贫效应研究

减少农村贫困人口是"三农"问题中的主要内容。本文阐述了经济增长、收入分配与减贫之间关系的理论框架,然后定义一族新的洛伦兹曲线,构造我国农村家庭收入的分布密度函数,并对"贫困一增长一不平等"减贫效应分解方法进行修正。进而使用中国健康与营养调查(CHNS)中的农村家庭数据,对1991—2009年东部、中西部省份收入增长与分配结构扭曲的农村减贫效应进行实证分析。研究结果表明,收入增长使得贫困入口比例下降,但分配不公平降低了减贫速度,并导致低收入群体的收入份额不断萎缩。对比分析发现,中西部省份比东部沿海省份、2000年之后比之前的分配不公平程度更为严重。另外,基于Blinder-Oaxaca工资差异方程的分解结果表明,促进农户增收的个体层面影响因素依次为非农经济活动、受教育水平、地理位置和耕地面积,而现阶段贫困家庭非农经济活动参与率偏低和受教育水平增长缓慢是其收入增长的最大障碍。     

中国城镇家庭财产水平研究:基于行为的视角

本文首先提出了一个各种因素影响家庭财产水平的理论框架。然后通过对奥尔多投资研究中心2007年"城市投资者行为调查问卷"数据的处理和实证分析,估算了中国城镇居民的财产函数,重点考察了户主的主观行为特征在财产积累过程中的重要作用。本文发现:户主投资参与度与风险偏好度的提高有利于家庭财产水平的增加;与低收入或者经济相对落后地区的家庭相比,对高收入或者经济发达地区的家庭来说,投资参与度与风险偏好度对家庭财产水平的积极影响更显著一些。最后,针对政府如何促进居民财产水平的提升,本文给出了相关的政策建议。     

中国城镇居民家庭资产—负债现状与成因研究

利用2009年"中国城镇居民经济状况与心态调查"数据,本文细致考察了中国城镇居民家庭资产—负债的现状与成因。描述性统计表明,家庭资产随着户主年龄、教育程度和家庭收入水平提高而上升,家庭负债则恰恰相反,家庭资产—负债存在明显的地域差异。实证研究发现,户主的年龄、受教育程度和健康状况以及家庭收入和人口规模不仅是家庭是否拥有资产/负债最重要的决定因素,也是家庭资产负债额的重要影响因素;进一步研究表明,家庭净资产也主要受到这些因素的影响,但其影响程度因家庭净资产量不同而不同。本文进而研究了家庭资产—负债状况的稳定性,发现户主年龄较小、教育水平较低和健康状况较差以及人口规模较大的家庭更容易受到金融市场不利冲击的影响。     

农地流转、职业分层与减贫效应

本文采用中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据,从理论和实证上研究了农地流转、职业分层对农村减贫的影响。研究表明:农村贫困家庭农地转出是推动家庭职业分层和减贫的重要动力;农地转出可以通过推动农村贫困家庭成员职业分层,进而影响贫困家庭减贫,职业分层是农地流转影响贫困家庭减贫的重要机制;农地转出对农村贫困家庭收入的影响,会因家庭所从事的非农工作的"职业声望"等级不同而表现出明显差异;对农地流转的多维减贫效应研究发现,农地转出对农村贫困家庭相对收入水平和生活水平的提高均具有重要影响。进一步扩展分析发现:相比土地价值较高的家庭,农地转出对土地价值较低的家庭具有更显著的减贫效应;贫困率越高的村,农地转出对提高家庭人均纯收入和降低家庭贫困发生率具有更显著的促进作用。     

农村人力资本高等教育投资的影响因素探析

高等教育阶段,影响农村人力资本投资的因素很多,包括农村居民收入的低水平循环增长、教育机会的不均等、农村家庭高等教育投资与收益的不对称和农村人力资本高等教育收益率较低等。     

我国居民的财产分布及其国际比较

本文根据住户调查数据,讨论了我国居民财产构成与分布状况的变化特征,并进行国际比较。本文的分析表明,由于经济发展和体制转轨的双重影响,我国居民财产持有数量在较短的时间内以较高的速度增长;尽管与其他国家相比,我国居民财产分布的不均等程度仍不是很高,但不均等程度的扩张速度非常迅速。     

人力资本分布不均等程度的衡量方法

除了人力资本水平外,人力资本分布均等程度也是影响经济增长的重要因素.对于从事人力资本分布均等程度与经济增长等相关问题研究的学者来说,全面了解人力资本分布不均等程度的测量方法至关重要.本文介绍了多种衡量人力资本分布不均等程度的指标和方法.     

中国的经济增长、收入不平等与贫困的变动:1981——2001——基于城乡统一框架的分析

本文利用世界银行公布的我国城乡家计调查加总数据,通过Son(2003)提出的四要素贫困分解方法,在城乡统一的框架下实证分析了我国20世纪80年代以来城乡收入增长、收入分配的变化以及乡—城人口流动在我国总体贫困变动中的作用,并特别考虑了不同贫困线和贫困指数对于实证结果的影响。分析结果表明,除了城乡收入增长外,乡—城人口流动是减少贫困的主要动力;不平等程度的提高会降低经济增长的减贫效果,但乡—城人口流动在1990年代后期的减贫贡献趋于提高,在很大程度上弥补了不平等和城乡收入非均衡增长的负面效果。     

Growth,inequality, and poverty reduction in developing countries: Recent global evidence

The study presents comparative global evidence on the transformation of economic growth to poverty reduction in developing countries, with emphasis on the role of income inequality. The focus is on the period since the early-mid-1990s when growth in these countries as a group has been relatively strong, surpassing that of the advanced economies. Both regional and country-specific data are analyzed for the $1.25 and $2.50-level poverty headcount ratios using World Bank Povcalnet data. The study finds that on average income growth has been the major driving force behind both the declines and increases in poverty. The study, however, documents substantial regional and country differences that are masked by this ‘average’ dominant-growth story. While in the majority of countries, growth was the major factor behind falling or increasing poverty, inequality, nevertheless, played the crucial role in poverty behavior in a large number of countries. And, even in those countries where growth has been the main driver of poverty-reduction, further progress could have occurred under relatively favorable income distribution. For more efficient policymaking, therefore, idiosyncratic attributes of countries should be emphasized. In general, high initial levels of inequality limit the effectiveness of growth in reducing poverty while growing inequality increases poverty directly for a given level of growth. It would seem judicious, therefore, to accord special attention to reducing inequality in certain countries where income distribution is especially unfavorable. Unfortunately, the present study also points to the limited effects of growth and inequality-reducing policies in low-income countries.     

经济增长、产业结构与农村减贫——基于省际面板数据的实证分析

在经济增长与减贫关系问题上,大量的实证研究仅仅用经济增长以及伴随增长过程的收入分配状态作为解释变量,其结论与现实的契合性不够稳定。通过在计量模型中加入产业结构、农业生产条件、农业扶贫与发展政策等关键性的中间变量,并采用跨越"八七扶贫攻坚"期间和新世纪"农村扶贫开发"两个发展时期的省际面板数据,实证分析表明经济增长在农村减贫中具有重要地位,城乡收入差距扩大对农村减贫具有显著的负效应。与现有的大量实证研究结论不同,本研究表明不同产业在经济发展的不同阶段对农村减贫的影响是不同的,三次产业发展对农村贫困的影响发生了一定程度的逆转。因此,新时期反贫困战略也应做出相应的调整。     

The effects of location and sectoral components of economic growth on poverty: Evidence from Indonesia

In this paper, we investigate the relationship between economic growth and poverty reduction by differentiating growth and poverty into their sectoral composition and urban–rural location using data from Indonesia. We find that rural services growth reduces poverty in all sectors and locations. However, urban services growth has the largest effect on poverty in most sectors. Finally, we also find that rural agriculture growth strongly reduces poverty in rural areas, the largest contributor to poverty in Indonesia. This implies that while agriculture growth in rural areas still plays a major role in reducing poverty, policies that enable strong growth in the services sector in both urban and rural areas would expedite poverty reduction.     

China's (uneven) progress against poverty

While the incidence of extreme poverty fell dramatically in China over 1980–2001, progress was uneven over time and across provinces. Rural areas accounted for the bulk of the gains to the poor, though migration to urban areas helped. Rural economic growth was far more important to national poverty reduction than urban economic growth; agriculture played a far more important role than the secondary or tertiary sources of GDP. Taxation of farmers and inflation hurt the poor; local government spending helped them in absolute terms; external trade had little short-term impact. Provinces starting with relatively high inequality saw slower progress against poverty, due both to lower growth and a lower growth elasticity of poverty reduction.     

A SYNTHESIS OF POVERTY LINE DEFINITIONS*

A fundamental point of discussion in poverty research is whether poverty is an absolute or a relative concept. If poverty is seen to be a situation of absolute deprivation, a poverty line will usually be defined to be independent of the general style of living in society. If poverty is considered to be a situation of relative deprivation, a poverty line will be defined in relation to the general style of living in society. The choice for one of these two approaches has important consequences for social policy, as absolute poverty may be reduced by economic growth, while relative poverty will only decrease when income inequality decreases. This paper suggests a poverty line definition that is not a priori meant to be either absolute or relative, but depends on the perception of poverty in society. If the poverty line is higher in countries with higher median income (as an indicator of “general style of living”) the poverty line is said to be relative; if the poverty line does not vary with median income, it is said to be absolute. The poverty line definition suggested appears to be a generalization of almost all well-known poverty line definitions. Poverty lines thus defined are estimated for eight European countries on the basis of a 1979 survey. The resulting lines appear to have an elasticity with respect to median income of 0.51, and hence can be said to be halfway on the scale between absolute and relative.     

Poor Results and Poorer Policy: A Comparative Analysis of Estimates of Global Inequality and Poverty

This paper examines the data and methods used to estimate worldinequality and world poverty since 1950. It was found that regardlessof method used, world inequality reversed a more than a centuryold trend during the globalization period, loosely defined asthe post 1980 years. Consumption growth of the poor also acceleratedduring globalization, and such growth was in excess of thatof the average person. Poverty declined at close to 1.5 percentagepoints a year, a statistic not affected much by use of differentPPP data, or use of different methods, including the methodadopted by the official "keeper" of world poverty statistics,the World Bank. Indeed, a striking result obtained is that worldpoverty, according to the World Bank method, data, and definitions,was close to 15 percent in 2002, a level that is meant to bethe millennium development goal target for 2015. (JEL O15, O20,O47,O5)     

浅析贫困、经济增长与脱贫时间——基于中国城镇居民调查数据的分析

20世纪90年代以来，经济增长和收入分配不平等对于城镇人口脱贫时间产生了消极影响。研究发现，城镇贫困在1997年达到高峰，然后逐渐缓和；贫困人口的收入增长在初期能使脱贫时间迅速减少，但边际效果是递减的；贫困人口之间的收入分配不平等延长了脱贫时间，如果贫困人口的初始收入增加，则会明显缩短脱贫时间。     

Short-term trends in China’s income inequality and poverty: evidence from a longitudinal household survey

In the past three decades, income inequality in China has increased rapidly relative to both China’s own past and other countries at similar levels of economic development. Using recent longitudinal data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), this article examines changes in income inequality and poverty prevalence between 2010 and 2012. Surprisingly, we find a modest decline in income inequality as measured by the Gini coefficients in the CFPS data. The urban–rural gap narrowed, with rural families enjoying faster income growth than urban families enjoyed. Income growth was greater for middle-income families than for families with either high or low incomes in 2010. By all measures, poverty was greatly reduced between 2010 and 2012. Two-thirds of families that had been poor in 2010 escaped poverty by 2012.     

Economic growth,the nature of growth and poverty reduction in rural China

This paper examines some of the major driving forces of poverty reduction in China. Based on time series and cross-sectional provincial data, the determinants of rural poverty incidence are estimated. The results show that economic growth is an essential and necessary condition for nationwide poverty reduction. It is not, however, a sufficient condition. While economic growth played a dominant role in reducing poverty through the mid-1990s, its impact has diminished since that time. Beyond general economic growth, growth in specific sectors of the economy is also found to be effective in reducing poverty. The finding of our paper is consistent with the idea that poverty reduction in the future will need to be adjusted with more emphasis being given on direct targeting through helping the poor to increase their human capital and incomes.     

多维贫困的空间集聚与金融减贫的空间溢出—来自中国的经验证据

文章利用中国30个省份1999?2014年的省际面板数据,结合空间计量模型探讨了农村贫困的空间集聚效应和金融减贫的空间溢出效应.研究发现,不管是采用地理距离权重、经济距离权重还是嵌套权重,农民收入贫困、教育贫困和医疗贫困均呈现出显著的空间正向关联,意味着贫困分布呈现典型的"穷-穷"集聚特征,这一分布特征实际上从贫困角度验证了中国区域发展的不平衡.对收入贫困和教育贫困,农村金融发展不仅具有直接的减贫作用,还通过空间溢出效应对邻近省份发挥间接减贫作用,且这种溢出效应带来的减贫效果比直接效应更为显著.对医疗贫困等公共服务上的贫困,其改善主要依赖于政府财政支出和当地经济水平的发展.文章的研究结论有助于政府从多维视角重新审视农民面临的贫困问题,为"十三五"实施全面脱贫拓宽了视野.