Corruption,illegal trade and compliance with the Montreal Protocol

This paper studies the effects of corruption, rule of law and tariffs on illegal trade in chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) controlled by the Montreal Protocol. Since data on illegal trade is not available, it is not possible to test any theoretical conclusions about smuggling. The paper, however, attempts to circumvent the problem by developing a model of illegal trade in CFCs that derives predictions about the effects of corruption, rule of law and tariffs on both legal and illegal imports of CFCs. Then the theoretical predictions concerning legal imports are tested using panel data on CFC consumption. Using the estimates of legal imports, inferences about illegal trade are made. The basic findings indicate that knowledge about the degree of rule of law, corruption and the level of tariffs is needed for the correct interpretation of the data on environmental performance reported to international monitoring agencies.     

On the Theory and Diplomacy of Environmental Treaty-Making

International cooperation can be looked at in two ways: as a process and as an outcome. This paper shows how the process of treaty-making can affect treaty outcomes and how treaty design can change the rules of the game of international cooperation.     

Piercing the Veil of Uncertainty in Transboundary Pollution Agreements

This paper addresses the question of how uncertainty in costs and benefits affects the difficulty of reaching a voluntary agreement among sovereign states. A measure of difficulty is constructed related to side-payments necessary to make an agreement a Pareto-improving move. Using a simple model, it is shown that uncertainty actually makes agreement easier.JEL classifications: Q5, H4, D7, D8An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Conference on Risk and Uncertainty in Environmental and Resource Economics, Wageningen, The Netherlands, June 2002.     

Maxium Victim Benefit: A Fair Division Process in Transboundary Pollution Problems

We introduce a side-payment scheme, maximum victim benefit, that promotes stable international environmental agreements. In developing this scheme, we incorporate the equity position that victims of pollution should benefit from pollution control. The result is a scheme which picks a unique element in the core; it maximizes the benefits to the victims of pollution and ensures that polluters are willing to join the scheme.     

Voluntary Environmental Agreements vs. Emission Taxes in Strategic Trade Models

The purpose of the paper is to narrow the gap between the widespread use of voluntary agreements and research on the rationale of such approaches. A topical example are voluntary agreements of many industries to reduce carbon dioxide emissions because of global warming. If the industry anticipates that taxes and fees will be introduced in the coming years, it seems rational to act in advance in order to mitigate the tax levels.The conventional approach in strategic trade and tax models was to look at a two-stage game where governments set taxes first and then firms react. In such a policy regime the government is concerned about the international competitiveness of its firms and sets taxes below marginal damages. In this paper, we consider a policy regime with a reversed timing. Firms commit themselves in the face of emission taxes to abatement efforts and to lower levels of the environmentally intensive output. Then the government introduces the tax. Under this timing of strategies the tax is equal to marginal damage. Firms waive profit and reduce output in order to use less of the polluting input. The reward for this behavior will be a less strict use of policy instruments and hence lower abatement costs in the near future.     

环境规制约束下企业发展的战略行为选择研究

环境规制约束下,企业发展可以采取的战略行为有四种:消极支付、环境管理、退出和进入。实践中,企业应根据自身的不同情况,做出相对应的选择,以有效地规避风险,响应社会的环保诉求,变不利为有利,实现企业的可持续发展。     

Joint Production,Externalities, and the Regulation of Production Networks

Real production systems are often vertically integrated in thesense that one production process uses the unwanted joint product of another production process as input.This interrelationship links in a non-obvious way the different negative externalities stemming from theproduction processes. An empirical example is the sulphuric acid industry. Our model of a vertically integratedproduction system shows how internalising one currently existing externality may create another externalitywhich has thus far not been existent. We also discuss how environmental policy could deal with this problemwhen regulating integrated production systems.     

企业环境扫描行为研究综述

全球竞争环境的快速演变为我国企业提供了跨越式发展的机会窗口。然而,机会窗口并不是以预先包装好的形式出现。企业环境扫描行为特征直接影响其识别外部机会的能力,研究环境扫描行为对我国企业重构竞争优势具有战略意义。在我国理论界,有关企业环境扫描行为的研究刚刚起步。本文在回顾近40年文献的基础上,综述了企业环境扫描行为以及与战略、组织结构和环境特征等关系的研究进展,提出了待研究问题,探讨了未来研究方向。     

国际环境法的发展研究

国际环境法经过多年的发展,经历了萌芽期、初现雏形期,直到现在仍保持着良好的发展势头。在国际环境法的发展中,各国出现了很多矛盾与分歧。尽管国际环境法的发展道路是充满矛盾与斗争的道路,但势必会在全人类的共同努力下逐步完善,促进国际环境保护事业的发展。     

发达国家食用农产品安全生产策略性理念及其启示

发达国家食用农产品安全生产中所采用的污染者付费原则、生态标签工程,给定标准的强制执行、技术援助、三优先政策等策略性理念,值得我国主动学习、细心领会乃至切实借鉴.     

领先顾客知识管理对产品不连续创新绩效的影响

基于技术采用生命周期的视角,构建了领先顾客知识管理对企业产品不连续创新绩效影响模型,研究了战略柔性在两者间影响关系中的中介作用。利用问卷调查数据实证检验了领先顾客知识管理、产品不连续创新以及战略柔性三者之间的关系。得出如下结论:领先顾客知识管理对产品不连续创新绩效存在正向影响;战略柔性在领先顾客知识管理对产品不连续创新绩效影响中起中介作用。     

The Production of Eco-Labels

Eco-labeling is a market-based technique for conveying information about consumers’ demands for environmental protection. Most criticisms of eco-labeling have concentrated on demand-side issues – the potential for firms or countries to use eco-labels to manipulate market power – and the difficulty of creating credible labels. In this paper, we argue that fundamental problems also arise on the production side. Specifically, we argue that both increasing returns to scale and complexities in production imply that it will be possible to market only a small percentage of environmental attributes through the use of eco-labels. We present evidence for our hypotheses from a detailed survey of 100 randomly-selected consumer products.      

Harmonization of carbon taxes in international climate agreements

The use of some kind of carbon tax is often proposed as part of an international climate policy. One possibility could be an international climate agreement requiring a harmonization of domestic carbon taxes. It is shown that there are several practical difficulties with such an agreement, and that it therefore is unlikely that CO₂ emissions will be allocated efficiently between countries with this type of agreement. Alternative types of agreements include an international carbon tax, in which the governments of the participating countries pay a tax, in proportion to their CO₂ emissions, to an international agency. A very similar arrangement would be to introduce a system of emission permits which are internationally tradeable between governments. Under quite general conditions, agreements of these two types can be designed so that they are both efficient and satisfy whatever distributional objectives one might have. Under both of these systems, the choice of domestic policies could be left to the individual countries. A domestic carbon tax is an obvious policy response from a country participating in an agreement of this type.Significant parts of the paper are based on research at CICERO (Center for International Climate and Energy Research, Oslo) and the Centre for Research in Economics and Business Administration (SNF), Oslo. The paper draws heavily on a related paper (Hoel, 1992a) which was prepared for Workshop on Fee and Charge Systems for Reducing Greenhouse Gases, OECD, Paris, November 5–6, 1991. I am grateful to an anonymous referee for useful comments on an earlier version of the paper.     

The strategy of trade sanctions in international environmental agreements

This paper analyzes the links between policies aimed at supplying a global public good and international trade in segmented markets. I find that the credible threat to impose trade sanctions may be capable of sustaining full cooperation in the supply of the public good, provided the sanctions are accompanied by a minimum participation clause which serves to coordinate government behavior. In equilibrium, trade is not restricted. But if the threat to impose sanctions were not allowed by the rules of the game, supply of the public good would be Pareto-inefficient.     

On the strategic potential of technological aid in international environmental relations

Prior to noncooperative choices of abatement of a transboundary pollutant, a technologically advanced country considers making an unconditional transfer of abatement technology to its less-advanced rival. Even though technological aid is given unconditionally and abatement strategies are chosen noncooperatively, in a number of plausible circumstances, a transfer of a superior control technology will induce Pareto-superior pollution abatement.     

清洁生产评价在造纸行业环境影响评价中的应用研究

造纸工业是我国的重要产业之一,但同时又是污染较为严重的行业,造纸行业是环境影响评价关注的重要类别。为此,本文从清洁生产的角度,通过对某造纸企业的生产从原材料、产品、资源消耗和污染物排放为指标的清洁生产全过程进行综合评价,定量分析与评定出企业清洁生产的总体水平。以此为例,探讨和研究了造纸企业清洁生产评价方法、一般程序和评价内容。     

International Trade and the Environment: Theoretical and Policy Linkages

I review and extend three approaches to trade and environmental policies: competitive general equilibrium, oligopoly and monopolistic competition. The first two have surprisingly similar implications: deviations from first-best rules are justified only by constraints on policy choice (which motivates what I call a “single dividend” approach to environmental policy), and taxes and emissions standards differ in ways which reflect the Le Chatelier principle. I also show how environmental taxes may lead to a catastrophic relocation of industry in the presence of agglomeration effects, although not necessarily if there is a continuum of industries which differ in pollution intensity. *An earlier version was presented as an invited plenary lecture to the European Association for Environmental and Resource Economics Conference, Oslo, 1999.     

粮食主产区农民售粮行为变化分析

对我国中部粮食主产区农民售粮情况的实地调研显示:当前农民售粮行为正发生显著改变,由单纯注重价格向统筹考虑售粮价格、便利性及机会成本等转变,且不同规模、不同性质的农户售粮方式开始分化。农民售粮方式和节奏的变化,已经对粮食市场流通主体经营行为、粮食市场稳定、国家宏观调控等产生明显影响。因此,亟需引导农民形成合理价格预期,支持农户科学储粮,完善托市调控政策等,发挥好农户储粮分期销售对促进农民种粮增收、服务国家宏观调控、维护粮食市场稳定的协同作用。     

少数民族农户低碳生产行为影响因素分析

低碳生产行为指农户在生产过程的各方面、各环节降低碳排放的行为。根据相关文献及少数民族农户的生产特点,分析影响农户低碳生产行为影响因素,运用Logit建立影响因素模型。选择云南耿马县200户佤族农户进行实证分析,得出农业收入、土地面积、周围人行为方式等3因素影响较为显著,政府在良种、化肥、农药和农机具方面的补贴,政府制定的环境制度规范,农业技术培训体系,农户年龄等4因素影响不显著。针对分析结果提出少数民族农户低碳生产行为的建议。     

加快环境成本内部化,积极应对反生态倾销

战略性环境政策论者认为,如果一国试图实现社会福利的最大化,就会使边际减污成本小于污染的边际损害,在不完全竞争的世界中,一国会在战略上扭曲其环境政策,以支持其产业在国际市场上的竞争,从而论证了生态倾销的可能性。本文基于对生态倾销及反生态倾销的理解,针对我国传统贸易模式中生态倾销的现状进行分析,提出我国应加快环境成本内部化,积极宣传环保理念,利用反生态倾销的机会调整我国出口结构,采取妥善措施,达到环境保护和自由贸易的平衡,积极应对新一轮贸易挑战。