Variable elasticity of substitution in urban housing production

The notion that the elasticity of substitution in urban housing production should vary with changing intensities of land use seems to be realistic and theoretically viable. Hence the variable elasticity of substitution production function has been proposed by some authors. However, it suffers from a serious shortcoming that the elasticity of substitution should not exceed unity. To allow for flexibility in the range of the elasticity of substitution, we explore a general functional form for the housing production function, the weak disposability of inputs production function in particular. Our empirical findings, based on the Santa Clara County single-family housing data, provide evidence that this general function is a more accurate specification of urban housing production than the variable elasticity of substitution function.     

Identification and estimation of a class of household production models

We consider a class of household production models characterized by a dichotomy property. In these models the amount of time spent on household production does not depend on the household utility function, conditional on household members having a paid job. We analyse the (non‐parametric) identifiability of the production function and the so‐called jointness function (a function describing which part of household production time is counted as pure leisure). It is shown that the models are identified in the two‐adult case, but not in the single‐adult case. We present an empirical application to Swedish time‐allocation data. The estimates satisfy regularity conditions that were violated in previous studies and pass various specification tests. For this data set we find that male and female home production time are q‐substitutes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Production of public safety: Are socioeconomic characteristics of local communities important factors?

This paper uses the translog cost function and cross section data from Florida to investigate the importance of socioeconomic characteristics (SEC) of local communities in the production of public safety. The approach used is noteworthy in four respects: (1) the underlying production function is specified as an AGEM production function; (2) SEC are treated as non-purchased fixed inputs; (3) two variables are used to proxy SEC in estimation; and (4) the paper test for the existence of endogenous quality differences in safety. It is shown that exclusion of SEC from the production (cost) function of safety leads to misspecification; and hence they provide a misleading guide to policy.     

A study of multiple-output production functions: Klein's railroad study revisited

Using two sets of U.S. railroad data with two outputs and three inputs, we estimated production function parameters via the system of derived input demand functions, and via the dual cost function. The results indicate increasing returns to scale, and a violation of required convexity for the production function.     

Business Sector Production in the Short and Long Run in Israel

Engle-Granger representation theory is used to estimate the secular and cyclical determinants of business output in Israel during 1960–1988. The specification of the secular production function is based on the technique of cointegration, while the cyclical, or short-term, production function is specified in terms of an error correction model. In the preferred model of the secular production function returns to scale are slightly increasing and the productivity of Palestinian workers is approximately 40 percent of Israeli workers. In the short-term production function total factor productivity is pro-cyclical.     

Price-endogenized Input–Output Model: A General Equilibrium Analysis of the Production Sector of the Japanese Economy

This paper considers a generalization of the open Leontief model, by endogenizing the input coefficients on the basis of the neoclassical multi-sectoral produc-tion function. The adopted production function is of the two-level CES type, which is quite effective for avoiding the multi-collinearity problem. As a result, the estimates obtained are quite stable, satisfying the quasi-concavity conditions of the production function for all the sectors. Comparative statics based on the Jacobian of the excess supply function for each commodity market reveal that, owing to the factor substitution the effect of an increase in the final demand on the level of the production is significantly smaller than that which occurs in the open Leontief model with fixed input coefficients.     

论物流新职能——流通加工

流通加工是一项重要的物流职能。它不仅是生产过程的“延续”，也是生产本身或生产工艺在流通领域的延续。流通加工是一种辅助性的生产加工，但又区别于生产加工。文章首先阐述了流通加工的定义和特点，并指出其在物流中的地位和作用。最后讨论了流通加工过程中所存在的不合理之处和解决的措施。     

两种等效益面生产函数与全要素生产率变化率的分解

本文根据规模报酬可变还是规模报酬不变，分别定义了一般等效益面生产函数和典型等效益面生产函数。由一般等效益面生产函数的离散型分解式可以测算一个生产单元的纯技术进步，以及纯技术效率变化对经济增长的贡献；而由典型等效益面生产函数可以将全要素生产率的变化率分解为典型技术进步率、纯技术效率和规模效率的变化率之和。进而由具有明确几何意义的离散型分解式分别测算典型技术进步和规模效率对经济增长的贡献。等效益面生产函数与分解式的几何意义还说明，全要素生产率的改变最终是由技术创新、制度创新和管理创新共同推动的。     

The elasticity of substitution in urban housing production: A VES approach

Many of the models which have been developed to explain urban spatial structure and land-use patterns rest on the properties of production functions. Differing factor price ratios within urban areas, particularly land prices, result in capital-land ratios exemplified by high-rise apartments and single-family dwellings. The purpose of this paper is to explore a new functional form for the housing production function. Specifically, a variable elasticity of substitution production function is proposed and some preliminary empirical evidence is provided using data for single-family housing.     

On the maximizing behavior of a monopoly planner

Conclusions The model developed here leads to some useful conclusions. If we consider an economy without trade where the supply of inputs varies in response to the level of current real consumption paid to inputs, then the relevant social input constraint for the planners is not a single production possibilities locus, but the planners feasibility constraint developed here. This constraint traces the locus of points on a family of production possibility surfaces that would be generated by each alternative quantity of inputs. The rate of product transformation along the planners' feasibility function will differ from the rate of product transformation along the production possibilities locus by an amount that reflects the marginal input supply. In such an economy, whenever the arguments of the planners' welfare function are not identical with the arguments of the input supply function, the necessary conditions for the planners' optimum will be non-optimal with reference to usual market socialist welfare criteria. At equilibrium, the marginal rate of product substitution in the planners' welfare function will not equal the marginal rate of product transformation on the production possibilities function. In addition, when the tastes of planners and of consumers diverge, the necessary conditions for the planners' optimum imply the exercise of some monopoly power by the planners. For given input supply conditions and given production functions, the magnitude of the monopoly effect increases to a limiting value as the diverge of tastes between planners and consumers increases.     

模块化设计中的价值管理

模块化设计作为新产业结构的本质特征,实际上是工业时代产品标准化概念的延伸和发展。它既强调产品的统一性和各部分的标准化,同时又强调产品整体最优和各部分的创新性。分解组合思想是其基本思想所在,即将大系统“化整为零”,分解成为若干小系统,实现小系统局部最优和将小系统“合零为整”,使之相互协调配合,实现大系统全局最优的结合。文中运用系统评价的价值分析方法,以功能为核心对系统进行分解,使具有协同作用的模块的组合形成功能组合,达到整体功能最优,从而实现功能放大的效果,同时通过个别模块的替代或特定模块的升级带动整体功能的替换或功能水平的提升。由此看来,将价值管理应用于模块化设计中,为多样化时代的标准化工作提供了新的技术管理方式和思维方式。     

基于ERP和TOC的生产物流系统研究

本文通过研究ERP和TOC相结合的生产物流系统的功能，构建了系统的功能模型，给出了模型中生产网络实现的数据模型．最后构建了二者相结告的生产物流系统的总体结构模型。     

生产要素选择与社会福利关系的研究

通常企业偏爱价格低的生产要素，因为低价生产要素更加有助于企业实现生产成本最小化。但是，企业的生产不仅产生企业私人收益而且也可能带来外部不经济，这些都会影响社会福利的增长。为此，我们通过构建价格函数以及相应的社会福利函数，导出兼顾企业收益和环保收益的要素价格及生产能力，并最终归纳出生产要素的四种模式，希望能为政府决策提供参考。     

Duality theory and pitfalls in the specification of technologies

Principles of duality enable the investigator to model the technology of a multiple-input-single- output firm either by means of a production function or a cost function. For empirical implementation, both alternatives employ the assumption of competitive market behaviour. Recently, functional forms have been developed which are sufficiently flexible to describe the substitution possibilities among factors when the technology consists of more than two factors. However, contrary to the strongly separable multi-factor Cobb-Douglas and CES forms, these functional forms are not self-dual. This poses the problem of choosing between two different maintained hypotheses. In this paper, we compare the inferences with respect to substitution possibilities obtained by imposing the two alternative specifications of a production function and a cost function on the same set of data. We find that they give very different inferences with respect to substitution possibilities between factors. Furthermore, these inferences continue to differ even when we explicitly adopt the position that both the production and cost functions are each approximations of the true technology.     

考虑延期成本承诺交货时间与产能扩张决策

根据产能与交货时间的关系,构建了延期成本函数。在此基础上,建立以企业利润为目标函数,以承诺交货时间和产能扩张为决策变量的模型。通过模型的分析得到了相互递推的最优承诺交货时间和最优产能扩张关系式,以及联合最优承诺交货时间和产能扩张。最后通过算例分析表明企业利润随着承诺交货时间或产能扩张的增加先增加后减少,两者相比,企业利润受承诺交货时间影响更大。     

Alternative functional forms for production,cost and returns to scale functions

We consider generalized production functions, introduced in Zellner and Revankar (1969), for output y=g(f) where g is a monotonic function and f is a homogeneous production function. For various choices of the scale elasticity or returns to scale as a function of output, differential equations are solved to determine the associated forms of the monotonic transformation, g(f). Then by choice of the form of f, the elasticity of substitution, constant or variable, is determined. In this way, we have produced and generalized a number of homothetic production functions, some already in the literature. Also, we have derived and studied their associated cost functions to determine how their shapes are affected by various choices of the scale elasticity and substitution elasticity functions. In general, we require that the returns to scale function be a monotonically decreasing function of output and that associated average cost functions be U- or L-shaped with a unique minimum. We also represent production functions in polar coordinates and show how this representation simplifies study of production functions' properties. Using data for the US transportation equipment industry, maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods are employed to estimate many different generalized production functions and their associated average cost functions. In accord with results in the literature, it is found that the scale elasticities decline with output and that average cost curves are U- or L-shaped with unique minima. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A household production approach to the evaluation of transportation system change

This paper intends to present a model for evaluating nationwide and interregional transportation system change from the viewpoint of the user's welfare. The model stems primarily from an adaptation of the household production approach, and thereby represents a departure from traditional methods of evaluation. In the development of our model, the transportation system changes are regarded as technical changes in the trip production function. With proper assumptions regarding the specified utility and trip production functions, it is possible to empirically evaluate the transportation system change and to measure the technical change in trip production function.     

林业分类经营改革初探

随着社会生产的发展,人类对环境的影响日趋剧烈。与此同时,森林的生态环境调节功能也越来越受到重视,林业不但是一个物质资料生产部门,同时也是生态公益功能生产部门。新时期的社会发展对林业提出了新的要求,不仅要满足社会对木材等林产品的多样化需求,更要满足改善生态状况、保障国土生态安全的需要。如何调整林业分类经营方式,充分发挥林业在经济社会可持续发展的基础作用是我们当前面临的重要问题。     

Risk premia in general equilibrium

This paper shows that non-linearities from a neoclassical production function alone can generate time-varying, asymmetric risk premia and predictability over the business cycle. These empirical key features become relevant when we allow for non-normalities in the form of rare disasters. We employ analytical solutions of dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models, including a novel solution with endogenous labor supply, to obtain closed-form expressions for the risk premium in production economies. In contrast to an endowment economy with constant investment opportunities, the curvature of the consumption function affects the risk premium in production economies through controlling the individual's effective risk aversion.     

Formulation and estimation of stochastic frontier production function models

Previous studies of the so-called frontier production function have not utilized an adequate characterization of the disturbance term for such a model. In this paper we provide an appropriate specification, by defining the disturbance term as the sum of symmetric normal and (negative) half-normal random variables. Various aspects of maximum-likelihood estimation for the coefficients of a production function with an additive disturbance term of this sort are then considered.