Household factors and discrimination in housing consumption : Further developments in the analysis of tenure choice within housing careers

The decision of households regarding housing consumption should be viewed as decisions within an overall housing career. A model of household residential mobility is derived which may be empirically investigated through a generalisation of competing risk analysis. It is explained how the effects of omitted variables may be dealt with by means of a non-parametric characterisation of their multivariate distribution within a marginal likelihood framework. The problem of initial conditions is discussed in relation to the design of the analysis. The model is applied to the residence histories of a sample of households from the Michigan Panel Study of Income Dynamics     

Intertemporal tenure choices

An intertemporal model of household tenure choice is estimated using data from the Michigan Panel Survey on Income Dynamics. Unlike empirical studies that focus on household tenure differences at any point in time, this analysis considers choice patterns over a 4-year period. The estimation results often indicate substantial leads, lags, and household condition duration effects on the structure of tenure status choices and the timing of their change. An implication of these findings is that inferences based on analyses of tenure choice at one particular point in time often are misleading.     

消费率与投资率对我国城市化率的影响

从需求角度出发,运用协整、格兰杰因果检验和向量自回归模型,采用1978—2009年的时间序列数据,分析居民消费率、政府消费率及投资率对我国城市化的效应。研究结果表明:我国居民消费率、政府消费率和投资率与城市化率之间存在长期均衡关系,居民消费率对城市化率具有单向因果关系,居民消费率、政府消费率和投资率对城市化率均有正向效应。     

The influence of residential accessibility on household trip-making

The purpose of this research is to examine both theoretical and empirical relationships between residential accessibility (defined here as the spatial distribution of urban travel destinations relative to a household) and aspects of travel-related behaviour such as a household's activity pattern, trip formation procedure, use of multidestination trip-making and expenditure of time on travel. Although prior research has been conducted on this topic the analysis presented here is innovative in that trip-making rates, use of multidestination trip-making and travel time expenditures are shown to be causally related to (and simple consequences of) household activity levels which are themselves leveraged by socio-economic factors. Recognition of this hierarchical causal structure promotes a conclusion that observed spatial variability in aspects of household trip-making behaviour are, for the most part, a consequence of the socio-economic spatial structure of urban areas, and are not due to residential accessibility conditions.     

WEALTH EFFECTS AND MACROECONOMIC DYNAMICS

The effect of wealth on consumption is an issue of long‐standing interest to economists. Conventional wisdom suggests that fluctuations in household wealth have driven major swings in economic activity both in the United States and abroad. This paper considers the so‐called consumption wealth effects. There is an extensive existing literature on wealth effects that has yielded some insights. For example, research has documented the relationship between aggregate household wealth and aggregate consumption over time, and a large number of household‐level studies suggest that wealth effects are larger for households facing credit constraints. However, there are also many unresolved issues regarding the influence of household wealth on consumption. We review the most important of these issues and argue that there is a need for much more research in these areas as well as better data sources for conducting such analysis.     

Identification and estimation of a class of household production models

We consider a class of household production models characterized by a dichotomy property. In these models the amount of time spent on household production does not depend on the household utility function, conditional on household members having a paid job. We analyse the (non‐parametric) identifiability of the production function and the so‐called jointness function (a function describing which part of household production time is counted as pure leisure). It is shown that the models are identified in the two‐adult case, but not in the single‐adult case. We present an empirical application to Swedish time‐allocation data. The estimates satisfy regularity conditions that were violated in previous studies and pass various specification tests. For this data set we find that male and female home production time are q‐substitutes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于DEA的废旧家电回收模式评价研究

在大量电子废弃物成为焦点的今天，家电企业要在既定的环境下选择一种最有效的家电回收模式，将产生的废弃物资回收，重新加以利用，已成为迫在眉睫的问题。针对废旧家电回收问题，介绍了四种废旧家电的回收模式，建立了一套评价指标体系，提出了采用数据包络分析方法对四种回收模式进行选择，且最后给出了一个算例，证明了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

Technical Change in the Private Consumption Converter

The analysis of technological change is centered on the study of the evolution of technical coefficients in the input–output table. Complementary to this analysis, the household consumption expenditure matrix, relating consumption by commodities to consumption by purpose or by function, also incorporates some other aspects of technological change. Thus, the evolution in time of the coefficients of this consumption expenditure matrix will portray technological processes, implying substitutions between commodities to satisfy the different functions The substitution between consumption expenditure by functions is also to be taken into consideration, because it can influence, together with technological change, the use of commodities in the final demand. For Switzerland, a 1980–89 time series of household consumption expenditure matrices with 37 commodities and 58 functional consumption categories has been estimated using data from consumer expenditure surveys. In this paper, instruments generally applied to the analysis of changes in input–output technical coefficients are extended to these matrices, including methods that deal with biproportional processes of substitution.     

户籍政策与人口城市化

分析了户籍政策的形成背景及特殊意义,指出尽管户籍政策对城市化发展存在一定的阻碍作用,但因其涉及方方面面的问题,不可能在短期内被取消.据此提出了现阶段我国城市化发展的新思路:不再过分强调人口向城市聚集,代之先进要素向城市聚集;在农村和欠发达地区则以职业转换取代空间转换,或采取人口迁移的反梯度政策,走先发展经济,后进行人口空间聚集的农村城市化之路.     

INTRAHOUSEHOLD INEQUALITY AT DIFFERENT WELFARE LEVELS: ENERGY INTAKE AND ENERGY EXPENDITURE DATA FROM THE PHILIPPINES*

ABSTRACTS This paper investigates the relationship between intrahousehold inequality and levels of household welfare. Under certain conditions it is demonstrated — with both the unitary model of the household and with some collective models — that the relationship between household welfare and inequality within the household can have an inverted u-shape. Using two sets of calorie adequacy data from a sample of 455 households in the Philippines, a spline analysis is used to test the hypothesis that inequality within the household first increases and then decreases as per capita household total expenditure increases. The two sets of calorie adequacy data are based on repeated 24- hour recalls of dietary intake, and on calorie requirements that are unadjusted and then adjusted for individual activity patterns. Results indicate that once activity patterns are accounted for, calorie intake shortfalls are borne fairly equally within the household at all per capita household total expenditure levels.     

Household production, full consumption and the costs of children

Recent work criticises both the logic and relevance of the theoretical basis of the approach to estimating the costs of raising children adopted in much of the economics literature. This tends to be restricted purely to models in which the household members consume market goods with given household income. The “costs of children” are perceived essentially as market consumption costs. This ignores the fact that an important, possibly preponderant element of child costs takes the form of parental time, which must be diverted from alternative uses such as market work, other household production activities, and leisure, to care for children. The studies also ignore the question of the differential incidence of child costs on adult members of the household. In this paper, we first of all argue that a satisfactory theoretical approach to modelling child costs must simultaneously incorporate an “individualistic” formulation of the household and a formal treatment of household production. We then provide such a model. Using data from a time use survey we estimate specialised versions of the model for families with two children and use the results to derive the intra-family distribution of resources and implied child-rearing costs.     

DATA GAPS,DATA INCOMPARABILITY,AND DATA IMPUTATION: A REVIEW OF POVERTY MEASUREMENT METHODS FOR DATA‐SCARCE ENVIRONMENTS

Questions that often come up in contexts where household consumption data are unavailable or missing include: what are the best existing methods to obtain poverty estimates at a single snapshot in time? and over time? and what are the best available methods to study poverty dynamics? A variety of different techniques have been developed to tackle these questions, but unfortunately, they are presented in different forms and lack unified terminology. We offer a review of poverty imputation methods that address contexts ranging from completely missing and partially missing consumption data in cross‐sectional household surveys, to missing panel household data. We present the various existing methods under a common framework, with pedagogical discussion on their intuition. Empirical illustrations are provided using several rounds of household survey data from Vietnam. Furthermore, we also offer a practical guide with detailed instructions on computer programs that can be used to implement the reviewed techniques.     

Mismeasured Household Size and its Implications for the Identification of Economies of Scale*

We consider the possibility that demographic variables are measured with errors which arise because household surveys measure demographic structures at a point‐in‐time, whereas household composition evolves throughout the survey period. We construct and estimate sharp bounds on household size and find that the degree of these measurement errors is non‐trivial. These errors have the potential to resolve the Deaton–Paxson paradox, but fail to do so.     

住户部门生产核算：范畴的界定与方法的设计

住户无偿服务生产核算作为住户生产核算体系的重要组成部分,日益受到国内外研究学者的重视。借鉴SNA2008相关理论和方法,结合我国住户无偿服务生产的基本国情,本文界定出住户无偿服务生产的核算范围,设计出用于住户无偿服务生产核算的产出法和投入法;鉴于住户时间因素在无偿服务生产中的重要性,本文从时间投入的视角对我国住户无偿服务生产差异进行了研究,并分别研究了收入水平、教育程度等五个因素对住户无偿服务生产差异的影响;采用主成分分析法,设计出引起住户无偿服务生产差异的家庭因子、人口因子和经济因子,丰富了我国现行住户生产核算体系的理论和方法。     

Timing and duration effects in residence histories and other longitudinal data: I. Stochastic and statistical models

A framework for studying the timing of events in migration histories and other micro-level longitudinal data is presented. The framework derives from a general stochastic model of the histories in which moves depend on the past history of the process, time varying individual characteristics, and exogenous constraints and opportunities. The semi-Markov model plays a distinguished role. The framework emphasizes the range of stochastic models available, the different types of time intervals and observational schemes that can be considered, distributions that can be used to characterize intervals, and statistical methodology. The use and crucial importance of the framework in empirical research is illustrated in the sequel.     

变量订货模型在家电行业库存管理中的应用

通过分析广西家电行业的库存管理技术现状及问题,将几种库存管理方法结合起来,再根据家电行业的特点建立变量订货模型。模型的建立主要解决货物订购时间、订购数量等方面的问题,从而最有效地进行库存管理,实现家电行业降低成本的目的。     

Time Use,Exploitation, and the Dual‐Career Household: Competing Perspectives

This article evaluates Laibman's reformulation of Marxian exploitation theory, and compares it to two preference‐based analyses of household time use (advanced by Becker and Hakim). Using a quantitative Marxist approach, and the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS), we show profound dissatisfaction with working hours for members of dual‐career households, and inequality, by gender, vis‐à‐vis pure consumption time. The results support exploitation‐based theories of the household, and cast doubt on such preference‐based theories of time use.     

Do I have to go shopping again? A theory of choice with movement costs

In this model, the standard theory of the one-person household is extended into space and time. The theory is extended into space by imposition of a real trip cost on the act of purchase, separate from the money price of commodities. It is extended into time by imposition of a real cost of storage (represented by “deterioration”) on the stocks of goods held in the household between shopping trips. The necessity for storage permits the theory to include an endogenous choice of capacity to store as well as choices among consumption, leisure, and shopping trip frequency. By use of duality theory, the comparative static effects of price, wage, and trip costs are examined. Production and transformation within the household are integrated into the model and shown to be covered by the dual approach.     

INTEGRATING A HOUSEHOLD DEMAND SYSTEM IN THE INPUT–OUTPUT FRAMEWORK. METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS AND MODELLING IMPLICATIONS

In this paper we argue that an accurate representation of household consumption behaviour is central to the analysis and comparison of policy interventions addressing sustainable consumption. Therefore, we propose to extend an input–output model with a specific household consumption model, at the core of which is a system of equations explaining the allocation of the households' overall expenditure across different purposes, such as buying food, the consumption of fuel for heating or electricity for cooling, education of children or travelling in terms of total expenditure and relative prices. This paper shows that the integration of a specific module for household consumption in a standard input–output model is an improvement for the analysis of the policies aimed at altering consumer behaviour.     

Labor supply,income, and welfare of the farm household

Considering family labor and hired labor as heterogeneous inputs, we present a theoretical framework in which the optimal decisions of a farm household on on-farm family and hired labor, off-farm labor supply, and leisure are determined uniquely and endogenously. Focusing on two alternative settings with and without off-farm employment constraints, we show that imperfect substitutability between family labor and hired labor is not critical to the separation of household production and consumption. The validity of the separation proposition is shown to depend crucially on whether or not the availability of off-farm job opportunities is limited. We further examine how changes in external economic conditions and government policies affect the time allocation decisions of the household, as well as the composition of household income (i.e., on-farm income and off-farm labor earnings).