THE USE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND INNOVATION BY MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN CANADA

The objective of the paper is to determine how the utilisation of intellectual property rights (IPRs) by Canadian manufacturing firms is related to their characteristics, activities, competitive strategies and industry sector in which they operate. The principal source of information used in this endeavour is the Statistics Canada Survey of Innovation 1999.

The paper starts with an overview of other studies that looked at the use of intellectual property rights in Canada. Follows a conceptual framework presenting variables likely to explain the use specific IPRs by Canadian manufacturing firms.

The use of IPRs is to a great extent correlated with basic economic characteristics of firms, their activities and industry environment. A series of estimated logit regressions predict the probability that a firm will use a specific IPR instrument. Also estimated is the contribution of the use of IPRs to the probability that a firm innovates.

The decision of a firm to use IPRs is often not independent of the decision to innovate. To eliminate the potential endogeneity bias I estimate a two-stage logit model. A comparison of the single- and two-stage logit models shows that the nexus from the protection of intellectual property (patents) to innovation may be weaker than indicated by the single equation model.     

克鲁格曼、诺贝尔经济学奖与经济地理学发展

文章对克鲁格曼的经济地理学思想从贸易理论与区位理论相融合,从规模收益递增、要素流动和运输成本揭示空间集聚,从历史、预期和路径依赖揭示区域发展路径,以量化模拟研究区际关系等四方面进行了分析.从研究视角、研究范式和研究方法三方面分析了克鲁格曼创新研究对经济地理学的启迪.从学科社会地位、研究范式和发展方向三方面分析了克鲁格曼获得诺贝尔经济学奖对经济地理学的影响.在此基础上,对中国经济地理学发展提出了一些思考.     

THE EVOLUTION OF SPATIAL ECONOMICS: FROM THÜNEN TO THE NEW ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY

This paper presents a review of the evolution of spatial economics over the past two centuries. The focus is on the evolution of what I consider to be the most fundamental theory of spatial economics, i.e., general location theory . The paper starts with a review of Thünen (1826 ), and ends with a review of the New Economic Geography initiated by Paul Krugman in the early 1990s. It is shown that the study of general location theory has been successful at shedding light on many important features of actual spatial economies.     

经济地理学研究中的公司访谈定性分析方法及其应用实例

本文根据作者实践及英美一些地理学家的经验,论述了公司访谈定性分析方法在经济地理学研究中的重要意义,介绍了公司及访问人员的选择方法、公司定性访问的技巧。并以上海大众汽车公司为例,说明公司访谈所搜集的资料在经济地理研究的应用价值。     

新经济地理学中的制度转向与区域发展

近年来,伴随着资本主义社会经济转型和全球化,资本主义进入了制度重建的新阶段,社会科学日益重视“制度”因素的作用。经济地理学强调制度、文化对区域发展的影响,提出了经济地理学的“制度转向”。文章深入分析西方学者提出的制度转向、制度厚度概念及与区域发展关系的基础上,进行理论评析,并简要探讨对中国区域发展的启示。     

21世纪西方经济地理学的动向与问题

由经济学倡导的“新西方经济地理学”的兴起使西方经济地理学面临重大挑战。也揭示了西方经济地理学存在的问题。本文的目的是评述当前关于西方经济地理学的动向、问题与有关争论。     

Risk aversion,exchange‐rate uncertainty,and the law of one price: insights from the market for online air‐travel tickets

Abstract We argue that risk aversion driven by exchange‐rate uncertainty causes a wedge between the domestic and foreign prices of a homogeneous good. We test our hypothesis using a unique micro‐data set from a market with minimum imperfections. The empirical findings validate our hypothesis, as accounting for exchange‐rate uncertainty we are able to explain a significant proportion of deviations from the law of one price. Overall, our analysis suggests the possibility of a new solution to the purchasing power parity puzzles.     

传统贸易理论、新贸易理论和新经济地理框架下的产业集聚现象

文章使用传统贸易理论、新贸易理论和新经济地理的分析框架讨论了产业集聚现象的影响因素,并利用1999-2003年省级面板数据研究了导致中国地区产业集聚的因素.发现:①比较优势仍是产业集聚形成的前提;②产业一旦在特定区域形成集聚现象,规模经济效应的存在,会促进这种集聚趋势进一步增强;③打破地方贸易保护障碍,建立全国统一大市场,有助于区域的专业化发展.     

Structural reforms,fiscal consolidation and external rebalancing in monetary union: A model-based analysis

The paper analyses the impact of structural reforms on external positions in monetary union in a 3-region version of QUEST III. Wage cost moderation and fiscal consolidation improve the current account balance in the medium term, but positive income effects tend to offset the initial increase in the long term. The general pattern is robust across alternative levels of initial foreign indebtedness. While lasting imbalance correction requires a contraction of debt-financed domestic demand, supply-side reform can mitigate the associated output contraction. A scenario is given as illustration that would reverse the 20% competitiveness loss in the EMU periphery during the 2000s and reduce foreign and government debt by 30% and 50% of GDP within ten years.     

Real exchange rates,asset prices and terms of trade: A theoretical analysis

This paper develops a continuous-time two-country dynamic equilibrium model, in which the real exchange rates, asset prices, and terms of trade are jointly determined in the presence of nontradable goods. The model determines the relation between the financial markets and real goods markets in the world economy and their responses to various shocks under the home bias assumption. A positive domestic supply shock induces a positive return on the domestic asset markets and a deterioration of terms of trade that improves the foreign output and boosts the foreign asset markets. Demand shocks act in the opposite way. This model also analyses the impact of change in the relative price of nontradable to tradable goods on the terms of trade and asset markets. A higher productivity growth in tradable goods than in nontradable goods leads to a higher relative price of nontradable to tradable goods, which appreciates the real exchange rate, deteriorates the terms of trade, and depresses the domestic and foreign asset markets. A lower relative price of nontradable goods depreciates the real exchange rate, improves the terms of trade, and lifts both the domestic and foreign asset markets.     

演化经济地理学的理论框架与研究范式：一个文献综述

萌芽于1990年代的演化经济地理学,借鉴演化经济学的企业异质性、选择和传承理论,将企业视为经济变迁的主体,引人空间因素,以创新为增长动力,组织惯例传承为主线,提出了新的理论主张：区域经济增长源于原有企业与衍生的新企业,以及原有城市与新城市内创造出新产品或改进企业组织惯例的创新,创新依赖于企业内部以及城市内的经济多样性,但仍将企业和城市规模视为一个演化增长过程;渐进式创新和激进式创新发生在产业生命周期的不同阶段,处于不同发展阶段的产业,其空间演化特征也不同。演化经济地理学采用动态演化分析方法,完善了经济地理学中的新古典和制度分析范式,通过分析企业的进入、增长、衰退、退出以及空间再配置过程,揭示了企业、产业、网络、城市与区域的协同演化关系及其对空间经济差异的作用,并在企业集群、集聚外部性的本质以及制度在区域发展中的作用等3个经验研究领域取得了显著进展。     

西部大开发:重点、进展、政策与创新

实施西部大开发战略,关系全国发展的大局,关系民族团结和边疆稳定。西部大开发的政策适用范围,包括12个省、自治区、直辖市,3个少数民族自治州比照有关政策措施予以照顾。西部大开发有四项重点任务,选定了重点区域,实行重点开发。3年来西部大开发有了一个良好开端。国家实行重点支持西部大开发的政策措施,并已出台政策措施与规划。我国加入WTO和党的十六大召开,西部大开发还需要理论和政策创新,笔者尝试着提出了四点创新的思路。     

The effects of integration on regional disparities: Convergence, divergence or both?

This paper offers an explanation for the coexistence of convergence across countries and the lack thereof at the regional level in the European Union. The model shows that, even if it accelerates growth and brings convergence across countries, the intensification of international knowledge spillovers due to more cross-country interaction may exacerbate within-country regional disparities, if regions with different specialization do not benefit evenly from the exchange of knowledge. The empirical evidence supports the implications of the model. In particular, the data show that regions specialized in advanced sectors at the beginning of the sample period became more similar in terms of per capita income, while regions specialized in traditional sectors lagged.     

ASIAN REAL EXCHANGE RATES AND OIL PRICES: A COINTEGRATION ANALYSIS UNDER STRUCTURAL BREAKS

We examine the long‐run relationship between Asian real exchange rates and oil prices in the presence of structural breaks. The relevance of considering breaks is demonstrated by utilizing the Johansen et al. procedure that allows for up to two predetermined breaks. Using conventional tests that do not consider breaks reveals no evidence of cointegration. However, the Johansen et al. procedure clearly demonstrates the importance of considering breaks and provides strong support for a stable long‐run relationship in all but Japan and the Philippines. Moreover, the results suggest evidence of bi‐directional causality in Malaysia and Thailand, uni‐directional causality from exchange rates to oil prices in Korea, the Philippines, and Singapore, uni‐directional causality from oil prices to the exchange rate in Indonesia, and no evidence of causality in Japan.     

WAGE DIFFERENTIALS, DISCRIMINATION AND INEQUALITY: A CAUTIONARY NOTE ON THE JUHN, MURPHY AND PIERCE DECOMPOSITION METHOD

This paper shows how difficult it is to study the roles of discrimination and unobserved skills when studying changes in racial and gender wage gaps over time by examining merits and shortcomings of a popular decomposition method by Juhn, Murphy and Pierce (JMP). The JMP method shows that wage dispersion can offer a compelling explanation of the wage gap. However, JMP have to rely on a few strong assumptions in order to derive their decomposition equation, which introduces wage inequality as the price of unobserved skills (the standard deviation of the residuals) into their decomposition equation.     

FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS, GLOBAL ENGAGEMENT, AND FIRM SURVIVAL IN THE UNITED KINGDOM: EVIDENCE FROM MICRO DATA

Financial constraints have been found to play an important role on various aspects of firm behavior. Yet, their effects on firm survival have been largely neglected. We use a panel of 61,496 UK firms over the period 1997–2002 to study the effects of financial variables on firms' failure probabilities, differentiating firms into globally engaged and purely domestic. Estimating a wide range of specifications, we find that lower collateral and higher leverage result in higher failure probabilities for purely domestic than for globally engaged firms. This can be seen as evidence that global engagement shields firms from financial constraints.     

EXCHANGE RATE,EXPECTED PROFIT AND CAPITAL STOCK ADJUSTMENT: JAPANESE EXPERIENCE

This paper empirically investigates the impact of exchange rate shocks on capital stock adjustment in the Japanese industry. An intertemporal optimization model is developed, in which an individual corporation in an open economy adjusts its capital stock according to Tobin's q. By explicitly considering the marginal q, the transmission mechanism from real exchange rate shocks to investment dynamics is examined based on the Vector Autoregressive model. Empirical evidence suggests that the depreciation of the Japanese yen increases the expected profitability of the firm and stimulates investment, especially in the machinery sector.     

TRADING VOLUME,VOLATILITY, AND GARCH EFFECTS IN THE SOUTH KOREAN WON/US DOLLAR EXCHANGE MARKET: EVIDENCE FROM CONDITIONAL QUANTILE ESTIMATION*

Under the MDH, this paper investigates the asymmetry in the positive relationship between unexpected volume and volatility, and whether the unexpected volume series as a proxy for the rate of information arrival absorbs the GARCH effects. This is achieved by applying a quantile regression approach to the won/dollar exchange market with reliable data on trading volumes. Interestingly, the results show that in a freely floating exchange rate system, the positive relationship increases as exchange rate returns are higher. Contrary to previous studies, despite a significantly positive relationship, the inclusion of volumes alone does not reduce volatility persistence at medium or high levels of returns. In addition, the reform of the South Korean exchange rate system had an impact on the relationship, which occurred in response to a financial crisis.     

外商群体投资(FGI)、外向配套与地方经济发展——以浙江省为例

以昆山为例,对外商群体投资、外向配套与地方经济发展的关系进行了定性与定量分析。通过Granger因果检验和两个回归模型的对比分析发现,在一定程度上,外商群体投资是影响地方外向配套的原因,外商群体投资对地方经济的影响是通过外向配套来进行的。其政策含义是地方政府如果不能在外商群体投资与内资企业间建立一个有效的联系通道,则外商群体投资并不能有效地促进地方经济的发展。