双碳发展对我国的影响及应对策略

近年来二氧化碳排放持续快速增长,全球气候变暖已成不争事实.国际社会为共同应对气候变化做出了积极努力,截至2020年底,全球已有40余个国家和经济体正式宣布了碳中和目标.我国化石能源消费和二氧化碳排放持续增长,占全球比重逐步升高,为提升发展质量,彰显大国责任,需要积极科学推动碳达峰碳中和工作.同时,双碳发展将对我国经济社会产生重要深远影响,能源结构、产业布局将发生深刻调整.面对重大机遇挑战,应以战略性思维统筹推进双碳工作,找准发力点,分阶段稳步实施,努力实现经济社会高质低碳创新发展.     

碳中和或将带来每年万亿元绿色投资

中央经济工作会议明确指出,要做好碳达峰、碳中和工作,并将这项工作列为今年经济工作的重点任务之一。从提出"我国二氧化碳排放力争2030年前达到峰值,力争2060年前实现碳中和"具体目标(以下简称"30?60"目标),到党的十九届五中全会、中央经济工作会议相继作出部署,碳达峰、碳中和大幕已然开启。     

第八届市场导向的绿色低碳发展国际研讨会征文启事

习近平主席在第75届联合国大会-般性辩论上提出中国2030年前二氧化碳排放达到峰值、2060年前实现碳中和。碳达峰目标和碳中和愿景,既是我们对国际社会做出的庄严承诺,更是我国经济社会全面绿色转型的目标和方向。党的十九届五中全会将“碳排放达峰后稳中有降”列入我国2035年远景目标,要求制定2030年前碳排放达峰行动方案。2021年全国统一碳市场正式进入第一个履约周期。由于美欧在气候变化领域动作频频,中国参与和引领气候变化国际合作进入新的历史时期。如何为构建公平合理、合作共贏的全球气候治理体系贡献“中国智慧”和“中国方案”是历史机遇也是历史考验。     

以降碳为总抓手,促进经济社会全面绿色转型

继2020年9月在第七十五届联合国大会一般性辩论上宣布"二氧化碳排放力争于2030年前达到峰值,努力争取2060年前实现碳中和"后,在11月召开的纪念《巴黎协定》达成五周年气候雄心峰会上,国家主席习近平进一步宣布了中国国家自主贡献一系列新举措。在国际社会上立下"中国承诺"后,碳达峰和碳中和目标在我国的"倒计时"已然开始。在刚刚闭幕的中央经济工作会议上,"做好碳达峰、碳中和工作"被确定为2021年的重点任务之一,2030年前达到峰值、2060年前实现碳中和的目标也被再次强调。     

中高速发展中提前碳达峰碳中和的路径探讨 ——以湖州市为例

2020 年,在《巴黎气候协定》达成五周年之际,国家主席习近平在联合国发展大会、气候雄心峰会等国际场合多次提出:中国"二氧化碳排放力争于2030年前达到峰值,努力争取2060 年前实现碳中和",也就是在《巴黎气候协定》的基础上,进一步提高了我国的国家自主贡献,将达峰的时间提前,并首次提出了碳中和的时间.做好碳达峰、碳中...     

基于CiteSpace的碳达峰碳中和研究可视化分析

“二氧化碳排放力争于2030年前达到峰值,努力争取2060年前实现碳中和”的“双碳”目标彰显出我国应对气候变化的决心。在此背景下,对文献进行系统梳理以便更好地把握碳达峰碳中和的研究现状与发展趋势显得尤为重要。基于此,利用CiteSpace软件对CNKI数据库中以“碳达峰或碳中和”为主题的核心文献进行知识图谱可视化分析。结果显示：发文量总体上呈现爆炸式增长趋势;核心作者群已初具规模;发文机构之间的合作呈现出分散的态势。得出结论：研究特征主要有以问题为导向的研究、以理论方法和应用技术为导向的研究和以未来目标为导向的研究;研究阶段可大致分为起步阶段、发展阶段以及爆炸式增长阶段三个阶段。     

数智化助力“双碳” 引领经济绿色发展

<正>在全社会加速实现“双碳”的过程中,不少数智化能力提供企业已经展开行动。今年年初,为响应国家“双碳”战略,亚信科技正式公布了“2025年实现碳达峰,2028年实现碳中和”的“双碳”目标,大幅度跑赢国家整体的“双碳”目标。当前,低碳发展已经成为全球共识。2020年9月,我国政府首次明确提出了“3060”战略目标,即二氧化碳排放力争在2030年前达到峰值,努力争取在2060年前实现碳中和。实现“双碳”是经济社会的系统性变革,在这一过程中,数智化技术提供了一种具有可行性的路径选择。     

《2030年前碳达峰行动方案》解读

2021年10月24日,中共中央、国务院印发《关于完整准确全面贯彻新发展理念做好碳达峰碳中和工作的意见》,确立了我国碳达峰、碳中和的“1+N”政策框架。10月26日,国务院在前述意见的基础上印发的《2030年前碳达峰行动方案》(以下简称《行动方案》)中指出,在未来10年内碳达峰将贯穿经济社会发展的各个方面,并重点要求做好“碳达峰十大行动”。这是我国碳达峰、碳中和政策体系日渐完善的标志。《行动方案》对于重点行业、重点领域明确了碳达峰指标,为其低碳转型提供了方向指引。实现碳中和、推动碳达峰与我们每个人的生活息息相关,是我国应对气候变化的政策根基。     

《2030年前碳达峰行动方案》解读北大核心

2021年10月24日,中共中央、国务院印发《关于完整准确全面贯彻新发展理念做好碳达峰碳中和工作的意见》,确立了我国碳达峰、碳中和的“1+N”政策框架。10月26日,国务院在前述意见的基础上印发的《2030年前碳达峰行动方案》(以下简称《行动方案》)中指出,在未来10年内碳达峰将贯穿经济社会发展的各个方面,并重点要求做好“碳达峰十大行动”。这是我国碳达峰、碳中和政策体系日渐完善的标志。《行动方案》对于重点行业、重点领域明确了碳达峰指标,为其低碳转型提供了方向指引。实现碳中和、推动碳达峰与我们每个人的生活息息相关,是我国应对气候变化的政策根基。     

碳达峰碳中和激活绿色金融发展新空间

碳达峰、碳中和目标的提出,成为我国绿色金融发展的催化剂,气候变化可能产生的风险也随之被越来越多金融机构纳入考量。2020年12月25日,中国人民银行货币政策委员会提出"以促进实现碳达峰、碳中和为目标完善绿色金融体系";2021年1月4日召开的中国人民银行工作会议再次提及"落实碳达峰、碳中和重大决策部署,完善绿色金融政策框架和激励机制"。     

China and the World under the Goals of Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality: Green and Low-Carbon Transition,Green Finance,Carbon Market,and Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism

China has always tried to maintain multilateralism and advocated working together to deal with global climate change through multilateral mechanisms. Although China’s announcement to peak its carbon emissions by 2030 comes as no surprise, its commitment to carbon neutrality does. As the period between its carbon peaking and carbon neutrality is far shorter than that in the developed countries, China’s economic and energy structures need to be adjusted toward the low-carbon and carbon-free end with unprecedented efforts. To that end, China should define the responsibilities of local authorities and industrial entities to promote the orderly accomplishment of carbon peaking in all regions and industries. To supply the huge investments needed to achieve the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, China has an urgent need to accelerate the development of green finance and a national carbon emissions trading market, guide the rational allocation of resources, and channel resources to eco-friendly projects for green and low-carbon development. At the same time, China and the international community should strengthen dialogue and coordination, promote international cooperation on the way to carbon neutrality, formulate widely acceptable policy guidelines as soon as possible, and avoid unilateral measures that may cause conflicts.     

Carbon Peaking,Carbon Neutrality and Green and Low-Carbon Development of China’s Economy

The successively proposed carbon peaking and carbon neutrality have not only set new goals for the green and low-carbon development of China’s economy, but also demonstrated China’s further determination and sense of responsibility for a greater contribution to address global climate change. Considering the importance of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality in the course of achieving the Second Centenary Goal (1949-2049), it is necessary for China to make scientific planning for the roadmap of carbon emission reduction, carbon peaking and carbon neutrality to ensure building a great modern socialist country under carbon constraints. More specifically, the optimization and realignment of energy structure, industrial structure, production and consumption structure, the rational planning of afforestation, and the vigorous development of global carbon emissions trading will be the core strategies for boosting green and low-carbon development of China’s economy.     

The Goals of Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality and China’s New Energy Revolution

Based on the full consideration of both domestic and global environments and conditions, the adherence to the conviction that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets, and the comprehensive weighing of pros and cons, the Chinese government has made a major strategic decision to achieve the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, which is crucial to the overall green transformation of the economy and society and the long-term benefits of the Chinese nation. With the new energy revolution and energy mix diversification driven by the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, nonfossil energy sources centered on photovoltaic energy will gradually dominate the energy mix, while the status of electricity and hydrogen energy will be significantly enhanced and the consumption of coal and petroleum will decline significantly. Carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals are both challenges and opportunities for China. Specific challenges are embodied in the large pressure of economic and energy restructuring, the rising manufacturing costs, the difficulties in withdrawing coal-fired power stations, the possibility of unstable grid operations due to large-scale integration of photovoltaic and wind power into the power distribution network, and the supply risks of key metals, while specific opportunities are emerging in the strong competitiveness of photovoltaic and wind power equipment, lower dependence on foreign petroleum and gas supply and accelerated low-carbon green transformation. China should strengthen the top-level design of the path to achieve carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, encourage innovation of green low-carbon technologies, accelerate economic and energy restructuring, strictly restrict the construction of new high-emission and energy-intensive projects, and steadily promote the adjustment and withdrawal of the existing high-emission and energy-intensive projects.     

加拿大实现碳中和的政策部署与路径

本文根据加拿大联邦政府发布的增强版气候计划,阐述了加拿大实现碳中和的有关政策部署和路径。在围绕碳中和的新一轮全球博弈中,加拿大将减排重点放在能够显著减排的关键领域,给予有利政策和资金支持,并且将政府引导与碳定价机制相结合,从而激励相关行业企业不断革新技术,以技术创新带动绿色低碳产业的发展,进而推动加拿大在后疫情时代实现经济复苏。     

中国提前碳达峰情景及其宏观经济影响

第75届联合国大会上中国提出了2030年前碳达峰、2060年前碳中和的目标,引领了全球应对气候变化的进程,引起了国内外的广泛关注和热评。因此,对强化的提前碳达峰目标的实现路径及其宏观经济影响研究,具有重要的现实意义和学术价值。本文采用动态可计算一般均衡模型TECGE定量分析了强化碳达峰承诺对我国未来宏观经济的影响。设定了四个情景包括2030、2027、2025和2023年碳达峰,峰值分别为108亿吨、107亿吨、105.8亿吨和103.6亿吨,考察提前碳达峰情景与2030年碳达峰情景相比对宏观经济的影响。研究表明,提前碳达峰情景相比2030年基准情景,越早碳达峰,要求碳税价格越高,GDP和其他宏观经济变量如总消费、总进出口等都有所下降,但是第三产业占比有所上升。越早碳达峰,宏观经济变量下降越多,第三产业占比上升得越多。根据CGE模型对宏观经济影响的定量分析,本文为提前实现碳达峰目标、推进经济高质量发展提出了相关的政策建议。     

区域协同发展中碳排放转移规制策略研究

碳转移规制的目的是为了有效推进区域协同发展与环境质量的共同提升,因而碳转移规制设计必须有利于能源结构转型和区域协同治理。区域碳转移规制模式基本架构应为：出台全国性的污染税替代目前运行不佳的污染收费制;设定汽车燃油标准并鼓励企业积极研发低碳技术;以区域差异化碳税模式为主体制度,辅以污染权许可跨区域交易制度,以有偿竞争竞拍等方式发放有期许可证,并对各区域内部诸多类型企业经营主体均持开放原则。同时,应积极调整优化产业结构,完善低碳基础设施,提升能源协同效率,改善能源供需结构,构建区域碳排放收敛机制。     

Reconciling Economic Growth and Carbon Mitigation: Challenges and Policy Options in China

As the biggest carbon emitter in the world, China is facing tremendous pressure domestically and internationally. To promote the international efforts to tackle climate change, the Chinese government announced its 2020 carbon intensity target and is actively taking part in the international climate negotiations. In this paper, we review some of the climate burden-sharing proposals raised by Chinese scholars to shed some light on China's perspective on the post-Kyoto climate architecture. Then we summarize China's current pollution abatement policies and measures, and analyze some potential policy instruments for China to reconcile its future economic growth and carbon mitigation, as well as some practical design and enforcement issues to be considered for the near term.     

Embodied Carbon Tariffs

In this paper, we investigate the economic and environmental impacts of tariffs on carbon embodied in trade. We find that carbon tariffs do reduce foreign emissions, but their ability to improve global cost‐effectiveness of unilateral climate policy is quite limited – even if tariff rates are based on more sophisticated second‐best considerations. If carbon tariffs are levied on the full carbon content of traded goods, they can even increase rather than decrease the global cost of emission reduction. The main effect of carbon tariffs is to shift the economic burden of developed‐world climate policies to the developing world.     

Scenario of China Reaching Carbon Peaking ahead of Schedule and Its Effect on Macro Economy

At the 75th session of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) in 2020, China put forward the goal of peaking carbon dioxide emissions by 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality by 2060, a move to lead global response to climate change that has attracted wide attention and hot comments at home and abroad. Therefore, it is of great practical significance and academic value to explore ways of achieving carbon peaking ahead of schedule and study the macroeconomic effect. This paper, based on Energy, Environment and Economy recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium model (TECGE), a dynamic computable general equilibrium model, carries out a quantitative analysis of the effect of strengthening carbon peaking commitment on China’s future macro economy. By setting up four scenarios, namely carbon peaking of 10.8 billion tons, 10.7 billion tons, 10.58 billion tons and 10.36 billion tons in 2030, 2027, 2025, and 2023, it examines the effects of carbon peaking ahead of schedule and carbon peaking in 2030 on macro economy. The findings show that, compared with the 2030 benchmark, the more ahead of schedule carbon peaking is achieved, the higher the carbon tax prices, and that though GDP and other macroeconomic variables, such as aggregate consumption, aggregate imports and exports decline, the share of the tertiary industry increases. That is, the more ahead of schedule carbon peaking is achieved, the more macroeconomic variables decline, and the more the share of the tertiary industry rises. This paper, using computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to conduct a quantitative analysis of the macroeconomic effect, makes policy recommendations for carbon peaking ahead of schedule and high-quality economic development.     

Carbon pricing and terms of trade effects for China and India: A general equilibrium analysis

Using country-specific dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) models, this paper estimates carbon prices in China and India, and compares the effects of carbon pricing policies under terms of trade effects. Estimated carbon prices are higher in China due to differences in emission intensity and in the rate of deployment of new technologies in the models. Differences in carbon prices open up the possibility of carbon trading between the two countries to achieve mitigation objectives. Further, under assumptions about different exchange rate regimes and international fossil fuel prices, the effects of carbon pricing policies on the two economies are mostly similar in terms of direction but, expectedly, different in terms of magnitude. Terms of trade effects could exacerbate carbon pricing effects to a greater degree in China as the country is significantly more dependent than India on external trade and investment. Policymakers should factor in terms of trade effects while designing or evaluating carbon pricing policies in the two countries.