生命的质量

社会发展的目标涵盖了人类自身发展的目标,让每一个人"活得好、活得长"是人类社会发展的最重要目标。"活得好"强调了生命的"质","活得长"则强调了生命的"量"。对生命的"质"和"量"的度量是科学评价健康产出的重要前提,也是当前     

长寿指数延迟年金的设计与价值测度

长寿指数延迟年金(LIDA)在转移了年金提供者的部分系统性长寿风险的同时,以较低的价格为年金购买者提供了大部分长寿风险覆盖。文章从两个维度衡量LIDA的价值:首先,长寿风险转移维度,利用LIDA的定价量化系统性风险的转移程度;其次,长寿风险覆盖维度,利用离散时间下动态最优化数值算法计算LIDA系列产品的等价财富,进而得到产品的长寿风险覆盖率。实证结果表明,长寿指数年金可以以较低价格提供80%以上的长寿风险覆盖,而LIDA为老年人提供了一系列更低价格、不同长寿风险覆盖程度的产品。老年人购买LIDA可以在保证长寿风险覆盖的同时,满足自身的流动性需求和遗产需求。     

人口逆淘汰与淘汰机制自我增强效应研究

文章基于对当今中国人口特点即数量大及人口老龄化日益严重的背景下进行分析。由于中国人口老龄化及计划生育政策控制婴儿数量的两个因素造成未来"人口红利"期的大幅缩短,国家背负人口老龄化严重且劳动力匮乏的场景将在不久呈现。同时受高等教育的高级人才将面临"人口逆淘汰"效应的影响,会进一步造成其群体绝对数量与比重的双重缩减。文章将进一步论述人口逆淘汰趋势的严峻性,如不加控制会产生人口逆淘汰的自我增强效应影响,使原有高级人才之代际人口规模进一步萎缩。文章对该现象进行讨论研究,并提出解决方案。     

浅谈工程测量在施工质量管理中的重要性

工程质量是施工企业的生命和健康发展的保证.在建筑市场竞争日益激烈的今天,如何提高工程施工质量管理水平是众多企业管理者必须面时并思考的问题.本文从工程测量的角度出发,从工程测量和工程质量关系入手,通过分析工程测量工作在工程施工各阶段的作用,探究工程测量工作在施工质量管理中的重要性.     

浅谈保健食品

从抗衰老的研究可知,细胞的死亡导致整个机体的崩溃,要长寿就必须保护细胞,让细胞可以健康地一直分裂下去。可是,目前市面上尚无这方面的保健食品,现有的一些保健食品是从维护人体这部机器正常运转,即从保持健康的角度出发。换句话说,保健食品就像润滑油,用于减少“机器”磨损和防止“机器”出故障而停止运转。在美国市场上畅销保健食品大约有以     

对影响上海人均寿命与综合环境因素的逐步回归分析研究

构建和完善社会保障体系的基础工作之一是研究并明确人口结构 ,研究人口平均预期寿命及其影响因素可以预测未来人口的数量、组成以及发展趋势。在研究人口、经济、环境可持续发展中 ,环境是人口、经济发展的基础。文章选用逐步回归方法定量分析影响人均预期寿命的环境因素 ,以及它们对人均寿命的作用程度大小 ,为进一步研究人口的数量与结构奠定基础 ,也拓展了其研究范围     

论保险公司长寿风险管理的困境与对策

随着医疗技术的进步、公共卫生设施的改善以及个人生活方式的转变,我国人口的预期寿命有了大幅度的增长。人口预期寿命的延长使提供个人年金保险业务的保险公司面临很大的长寿风险,如果不对长寿风险进行有效的控制和对冲,将严重影响保险公司的偿付能力,因此,如何有效管控长寿风险是保险公司发展个人年金业务面临的一个巨大的挑战。文章在分析保险公司面临的长寿风险以及保险公司在长寿风险管理方面存在的困境和问题的基础上,对保险公司的长寿风险管理提出了一些具体措施。     

基于欧洲五维度五水平健康量表和中文版低视力者生活质量量表测量老年性黄斑变性患者健康相关生命质量

目的 使用普适性量表和眼科疾病特异性量表全面评价老年性黄斑变性（AMD）患者的健康相关生命质量状况并分析其影响因素。方法 采用欧洲五维度五水平健康量表（EQ-5D-5L）和中文版低视力者生活质量量表（CLVQoL）对210例住院AMD患者进行面对面问卷调查,采用Spearman相关、秩和检验、Tobit回归及多重线性回归等进行统计分析。结果 EQ-5D-5L的5个维度中,焦虑/沮丧维度报告有问题的比例最高（50.48%）,基于EQ-5D-5L测量的AMD患者健康效用值为0.83±0.22,EQ-5D-5L和CLVQoL均能区分不同严重程度视力损伤的AMD患者,回归分析显示较佳眼远视力（BEVA）和年龄对AMD患者健康相关生命质量具有一定影响（P<0.05）。结论 AMD对患者健康相关生命质量造成较大影响,BEVA和年龄是影响患者健康相关生命质量的主要因素。     

我国老年人日常生活自理健康预期寿命的差异性分析

健康是人们关心的热点问题,对老年人来说,不仅要长寿,而且要健康,要尽可能长久地保持生活自理能力,提高自身的生命质量。回答我国老年人的日常生活不能自理期是压缩还是扩展了,分析影响老年人日常生活自理能力的因素。采用1992年和2002年两次全国老年调查数据,做分城乡、分性别、分年龄的不同老年人生活自理健康预期寿命的差异性分析。在1992年和2002年期间,城镇老年人和农村老年人日常生活不能自理期均在“扩展”;2002年卧床不起的疾病对老年人日常活动影响更大,老年人2002年比1992年在生活自理方面需要更多的照料资源。     

质量调整生命年：基础知识

一、现状 本文旨在对质量调整生命年（QALY）的概念进行回顾。质量调整生命年是一种广泛应用的健康改善的测量方法,用于指导医疗资源配置的决策。最初,QALY是作为成本-效果分析中健康效果的测量工具而被开发的,成本-效果分析旨在帮助决策者将稀缺资源在竞争性医疗项目之间进行分配。     

Spatial and economic patterns in life expectancy among US States

This study investigates the determinants of gender-specific life expectancy across US states over the period 1995–2007. We employ a production function specification where life expectancy depends on health expenditure, income, education and lifestyle variables, allowing for spatial effects. Empirical results suggest that education attainment and health expenditure are the main factors behind improving longevity, whereas smoking bears a strong negative influence. For robustness purposes, we also use health spending as well as education criteria, apart from geographical ones to model interstate spillovers. In the former case, states with similar health expenditure are ‘neighbors’ and affect positively the life expectancy process. If education is applied instead of health spending together with geographic proximity, the spatial correlation is insignificant, i.e. education ‘neighbors’ do not affect life expectancy. Our findings do not imply significant gender differences regarding health production. The results suggest that health care policy will have to focus on wider economic and social considerations, like education and lifestyle changes, except medical care provision in order to exploit the full potential for life expectancy improvements of the US population.     

Longevity and Life‐cycle Savings*

We add health and longevity to a standard model of life‐cycle saving and show that, under plausible assumptions, increases in life expectancy lead to higher savings rates at every age, even when retirement is endogenous. In a stationary population these higher savings rates are offset by increased old age dependency, but during the disequilibrium phase, when longevity is rising, the effect on aggregate savings rates can be substantial. We find empirical support for this effect using a cross‐country panel of national savings rates.     

1990—2010年中国人口预期寿命与人均GDP的相关关系及其变化特征

预期寿命是反映人口寿命水平的重要指标,人均GDP是反映经济发展的重要指标。采用相关分析和回归分析对中国1990—2010年市域、县域两个尺度的预期寿命与人均GDP的关系进行分析,结果表明:人均GDP对预期寿命具有显著正向影响,但累积影响强于即时影响;人均GDP超过3000~5000元后,其对预期寿命的影响开始出现边际递减效应;人均GDP对预期寿命的影响强度在空间分布上自东向西增强。由于经济相对发达的东部地区人均GDP对预期寿命的贡献率要小于经济相对落后的西部地区,因此,今后东部地区应通过完善社会保障、优化卫生资源配置、倡导健康生活方式等途径进一步提高预期寿命,西部地区则应大力发展区域经济,努力提高生活水平,以尽快缩小与东部地区预期寿命的差距。     

Complementarity and the Measurement of Individual Risk Tradeoffs: Accounting for Quantity and Quality of Life Effects

This paper considers the factors responsible for differences with age in estimates of the wage compensation an individual requires to accept increased occupational fatality risk. We derive a relationship between the value of a statistical life (VSL) and the degree of complementarity between consumption and labor supplied when health status serves as a potential source of variation in this relationship. Our empirical analysis finds that variations in an individual’s health status or quality of life and anticipated longevity threats lead to significant differences in the estimated wage/risk tradeoffs. We describe how extensions to the specification of hedonic wage models, including measures for quality of life and anticipated longevity threats, help to explain the diversity in past studies examining how the estimated wage–risk tradeoff changes with age.      

The Design of Pension Pay Out Options When the Health Status during Retirement Is Uncertain

This paper examines the optimal design of pension plans when the health status during retirement is uncertain. Assuming that the health status affects both life expectancy and the marginal utility of consumption, choice between a lump-sum payment and an annuity can be welfare-enhancing if the health status is not observable by pension plan providers. This result holds if the marginal utility of consumption and life expectancy are negatively correlated. On equity grounds, a lump-sum option can be justified even if the marginal utility of consumption is independent of life expectancy.     

Modeling life expectancy in Turkey

This study is concerned with understanding the factors of life expectancy in Turkey for the period 1965-2005. The determinants of life expectancy in Turkey are related to selected social, economical and environmental factors. Bounds testing approach to cointegration is employed to compute the long-run elasticities of longevity with respect to the selected economic, social and environmental factors. There exists no previous study that estimates empirically the determinants of life expectancy in Turkey on the basis of time series data and cointegration framework. Empirical results suggest that nutrition and food availability along with health expenditures are the main positive factors for improving longevity whereas smoking seems to be the main cause for mortality. The results also draw a number of policy recommendations for improving longevity.     

Increasing life expectancy and optimal retirement in general equilibrium

We analytically assess the effects of changes in longevity on the interest rate, the consumption-savings behavior, and the optimal retirement decision within a dynamic general equilibrium setting. We derive a simple sufficient condition for which the optimal retirement age always increases with life expectancy. Numerical assessment reveals that for realistic parameter values that reflect the situation in industrialized countries, the optimal retirement age indeed increases with life expectancy and the sufficient condition tends to be fulfilled. Together with the fact that the actual retirement age did not increase in industrialized countries over the last decades, while there have been large improvements in longevity, this leads us to conclude that strong monetary and institutional incentives for early retirement exist and these counteract the effects of increasing life expectancy. Our policy conclusion is that the retirement age should be partially linked to life expectancy and that incentives for early retirement should be removed.     

Does longevity cause growth? A theoretical critique

This paper challenges conventional wisdom by arguing that greater longevity may have contributed less than previously thought for the significant accumulation of human capital during the transition from stagnation to growth. This is because when parents make choices over the quantity and quality of their offspring, greater longevity positively affects not only the returns to quality but also the returns to quantity. The theory suggests that in contrast to longevity, improvements in health are more likely to generate quantity quality tradeoff. Finally, it shows the importance of controlling for fertility when empirically examining the impact of children’s health on their education.     

Health and Income Variation – A Panel Data Study on the Developed and Less Developed Economies

In this paper, human capital in the form of ‘health status’ is introduced into a neoclassical economic growth model as one of the main factors differentiating rich and poor countries. Various panel data models are used to examine how health and other growth factors affect average income in different countries. Our main empirical finding indicates that a one-year increase in life expectancy (the health status measure) raises GDP per capita by 0.5–0.9%. Based on this result, a baseline health status can be established to help poor countries achieve a targeted economic growth rate.     

Longevity,Fertility and Economic Growth: Do Environmental Factors Matter?

Our study examines the effect of environmental factors on the economic decisions regarding fertility. We incorporate health‐damaging pollution into a three period overlapping generations model in which life expectancy, fertility and economic growth are all endogenous. We show that environmental factors can cause significant changes to the economy's demographics. In particular, the entrepreneurial choice of less polluting production processes, induced by a tax on emissions, can at some point in time lead to such changes as higher longevity and lower fertility rates. Thus, we provide a novel explanation on the positive relation between fertility rates and pollution. According to this, the causality on this relation may also work from the latter to the former. Furthermore, our model can account for the empirically observed N‐shaped correlation between pollution and income per capita.