建设人口均衡城市视角下的人口规模预测——以成都市为例

建设人口均衡城市,首要在于充分摸清人口底数,准确预测人口增长规模,才能科学制定人口和经济社会发展规划。文章针对以往单一指标预测人口总量精度不高的问题,利用灰色预测所需信息少和神经网络非线性映射能力强的优点,筛选出与人口总量紧密联系的9个主要因素,力图建立多指标灰色PSO-BP神经网络人口预测模型,并对2015年至2030年成都市人口总量进行预测。实证分析表明,该模型预测精度高、泛化能力强,具有较好的实用价值。在论文的最后,作者依据模型预测结果,为成都市建设人口均衡城市提出了较有针对性的建议。     

基于GM(1,1)模型的重庆市人口老龄化趋势预测与分析

研究人口老龄化问题对城市经济健康及可持续发展具有重要意义;论文以重庆市老龄人口为研究对象,应用GM(1,1)模型对该市的老龄人口增长趋势进行预测.首先构建了重庆市人口老龄化的GM(1,1)动态预测模型,然后研究了该模型的误差检验方法,最后在此基础上对重庆市老龄人口的增长趋势进行了预测.预测结果表明:重庆市老龄人口在2019年将突破400万,这表明重庆市老龄人口在未来五年将以稳定速度的快速增长,将会导致重庆市老龄人口比重逐渐上升,当局必须全面铺开二胎政策来处理好人口老龄化和经济发展的关系,从而增进社会的协调发展.     

中国城乡老年人口状况追踪调查抽样与加权方法研究

对2000年12月、2006年6月和2010年12月开展的三次中国城乡老年人口状况追踪调查的抽样方法、数据评估和加权模型做了详尽介绍,以便为各界学者、研究人员和在读研究生使用这套数据时,对数据来源有充分了解。按与人口规模成正比的概率抽样(PPS)方法进行分级多阶段抽样框,对涉及的2万名老年人入户调查所获得的原始数据,利用调查时点左右的人口普查或1%人口抽样调查60周岁及以上人口相关结果,通过相应的加权评估,足以推论调查时点我国大陆地区老年人口的总体状况,亦可对五年内的变化状况做短期估值预测。     

大连市沙河口区可持续发展的人口承载力预测

在充分认识大连市沙河口区人口承载力内涵的基础上,对大连市沙河口区2005-2020年人口承载力进行了综合分析,得到了可持续发展的人口承载力预测结果,该结果对于沙河口区人口政策的制定至关重要。     

基于GA—BP神经网络的人口预测研究

人口问题是一个复杂的社会问题,准确地预测,对于国家社会发展计划特别是制定生育政策有重要的意义。本文探讨了基于遗传算法改进的BP神经网络模型的原理、构成以及实现方式,该改进模型可以有效提高BP网络模型的性能。同时将此模型用于我国人口数量的预测,选取我国1982．2010年的人口数据,检验结果平均误差仅有O．0494％。用该模型预测2011-2020的人口总量,预测结果表明我国人口总数的增长已得到有效的控制。     

空巢家庭”话养老

作为人口大国的我国,仍是世界上老年人口最多的国家。我国60岁以上的人口已达1.32亿,其中65岁以上的人口达到8900万人,分别占总人口的10％和7％,表明我国已进入老龄化社会。进入21世纪,我国的人口老龄化将达到历史上前所未有的规模。 随着社会的发展,人口寿命的延长,我国的老年人口还将迅速增加。据有关部门预测,到2015年我国60岁以上的人口将超过2亿人,约占总人口的14％。这么多的人口进入老年,给“末富先老”的我国社会带来一个紧迫的养老问题。     

灰色模型在四川省人口预测中的应用

人口是一个国家和地区发展的重要因素,人口规模直接影响着区域的经济社会发展、资源利用和生态环境状况。采用合理的方法,模拟和预测城市总人口,可以在制定国民经济计划、城市土地利用总体规划、城市规划与设计、资源与环境保护和进行社会决策中起到非常重要的作用。以四川省2003-2011年近9年的人口数据为基础,采用灰色系统理论建立人口动态增长模型,用此模型预测四川省未来人口规模,并对人口增长状况进行分析。     

人口转变、人口红利与刘易斯转折点

对于人口转变的阶段性变化从而人口发展动态缺乏一致性认识,以及对于人口红利在二元经济发展中的作用的不同看法,常常导致学者们在经济发展阶段判断上的分歧。本文从理论上尝试揭示人口转变与二元经济发展的一致关系,即两个过程具有共同的起点、相关和相似的阶段特征、甚至重合的变化过程;进而利用人口预测结果等经验材料,论证和检验人口红利逐渐消失和刘易斯转折点到来的判断。本文还指出,保持稳定的经济增长,尽早进入高收入国家的行列,是缩小"未富先老"缺口的关键和唯一途径。为此,本文就挖掘第一次人口红利的潜力、创造第二次人口红利的条件,以及依靠转变发展方式获得新的经济增长源泉提出政策建议。     

人口逆淘汰与淘汰机制自我增强效应研究

文章基于对当今中国人口特点即数量大及人口老龄化日益严重的背景下进行分析。由于中国人口老龄化及计划生育政策控制婴儿数量的两个因素造成未来"人口红利"期的大幅缩短,国家背负人口老龄化严重且劳动力匮乏的场景将在不久呈现。同时受高等教育的高级人才将面临"人口逆淘汰"效应的影响,会进一步造成其群体绝对数量与比重的双重缩减。文章将进一步论述人口逆淘汰趋势的严峻性,如不加控制会产生人口逆淘汰的自我增强效应影响,使原有高级人才之代际人口规模进一步萎缩。文章对该现象进行讨论研究,并提出解决方案。     

交通预测的非线性回归模型及其标定方法

1影响交通量的因素分析在吉林省公路网规划中,通过研究47个节点的调查数据发现,交通发生量不仅与节点的人口、经济、汽车保有量有关,而且和节点地理位置及相互联系有关。由此引出从土地利用角度预测交通生成量的思想。这是～个综合模型,先要求有人口、汽车保有量、产值等方面的预测结果,然后应用该模型得到交通生成量预测值。为了找到节点交通生成量与土地利用特征的关系,我们主要考虑如下土地利用指标。（1）人口水平。人口的数量与结构是一个地区发展规模的重要标志之一,其中城镇人口、农村人口及流动人口的数量对经济发展和运输需…     

上海市未来人口和人力资本的变化趋势分析

利用多状态模型,预测了上海市未来30年人口规模、年龄结构、城市化水平,以及人力资本的变化趋势。无论从上海市经济发展对于劳动力的需求,还是上海市的人口结构看,一定数量的迁移人口对于上海经济和人口的健康发展是有积极意义的。     

中国未来生育政策的选择

近年来社会上对是否应该放开中国的计划生育政策有很多争论。争论的起因是由于一些调查数据反映的和某些学者估计出的我国目前生育率非常低;鉴于低生育率已经给比较发达的国家带来了很多问题,所以有人呼吁中国的生育政策应该放开。通过对放开生育政策和不放开生育政策两种情形可能导致的人口学后果进行估计,结合国外的经验和教训,从低生育率的长期后果来分析如何合理地选择生育政策。为了避免人口达到零增长后的快速负增长、快速老龄化和人口规模的迅速减少,国家应该密切关注人们生育意愿的变化,必须在适当的时候放开生育政策,使生育水平保持在2.0左右,从而尽可能地避免长期的、过快的负增长给国家和社会带来更为严重的人口与社会经济问题。     

中国人口、家庭户与住房需求预测研究

我国未来住房需求的变化将受到人口、家庭户数量和结构变动的影响。在人口预测的基础上,采用扩展的户主率家庭预测模型,假定分家庭规模、户主年龄、性别的户主率不变或变化的情况下,预测未来家庭户的数量、结构情况。在此基础上,结合2000年普查得到的不同家庭户类型住房情况的信息,对未来30年我国城乡居民住房面积和间数的需求进行了预测。由于人口和家庭户的增长,我国居民住房面积和间数的需求在未来三十年将持续增长;由于家庭户数量增长速度超过人口数量增长的速度,按家庭户变化预测的未来居民住房的需求较大;由于人口和家庭户结构的变化,未来三十年的住房需求在不同时期的情况有所不同,年均新增住房需求的增长在2015年前虽波动起伏,但变化不大; 2015年之后,年均新增住房需求将逐步下降。     

Regional, national, and spatially explicit scenarios of demographic and economic change based on SRES

We report here spatially explicit scenario interpretations for population and economic activity (GDP) for the time period 1990 to 2100 based on three scenarios (A2, B1, and B2) from the IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES). At the highest degree of spatial detail, the scenario indicators are calculated at a 0.5 by 0.5 degree resolution. All three scenarios follow the qualitative scenario characteristics, as outlined in the original SRES scenarios. Two scenarios (B1 and B2) also follow (with minor adjustments due to scenario improvements) the original SRES quantifications at the level of 4 and 11 world regions respectively. The quantification of the original SRES A2 scenario has been revised to reflect recent changing perceptions on the demographic outlook of world population growth. In this revised “high population growth” scenario, A2r world population reaches some 12 billion by 2100 (as opposed to some 15 billion in the original SRES A2 scenario) and is characterized by a “delayed fertility transition” that is also mirrored in a delayed (economic) development catch-up, resulting in an initially stagnating and subsequently only very slow reduction in income disparities. The spatially explicit scenario interpretation proceeds via two steps. Through a combination of decomposition and optimization methods, world regional scenario results are first disaggregated to the level of 185 countries. In a subsequent second step, national results are further disaggregated to a grid cell level, taking urbanization and regional (rural–urban) income disparities explicitly into account. A distinguishing feature of the spatially explicit scenario results reported here is that both methodologies, as well as numerical assumptions underlying the “downscaling” exercise, are scenario-dependent, leading to distinctly different spatial patterns of population and economic activities across the three scenarios examined.     

The Rate of Return to Aging: A Capital Stock Accounting

Not until recently, that measurement of the stock human capital attracted the attention of scholars and researchers in the US and the EU. In the 21st century, estimates of the stock of human capital for the US and several EU countries were developed by the OECD human capital project. Other estimates were also reported for the US. Thanks to these efforts, it is possible to shed some light on an old-new contention that the elderly population absorbs more of society’s resources than they contribute, hence imposing an ever rising burden on younger generation. Based on the recent estimates of the stock of human capital, the hypothesis advanced in the paper is that such a claim needs to be revisited in light of the very significant familial and intergenerational transfers.     

Quality,quantity and duration of lives

The evaluation of development processes and of public policies often involves comparisons of social states that differ in income distributions, population sizes and life longevity. This may require social evaluation principles to be sensitive to the quality, the quantity and the duration of lives. This paper: 1) reviews some of the normative issues at stake, 2) proposes and discusses some specific methods to address them in a generalized utilitarian framework and 3) briefly illustrates the application of some of these methods to the global distribution of incomes, population sizes and longevity over the last century. Depending on the approach taken, it is found inter alia that global social welfare in 2010 can be deemed to be between 1.8 and 407 times that of 1910, the role given to the quantity of lives being particularly important in that assessment.     

21世纪的中国与老龄化:研究与实践的挑战

在21世纪,中国的不断崛起与人口的快速老龄化问题均备受世人瞩目。通过对原始案例的分析和有关文献的回顾,反思中国老龄化问题的研究意义,提出诸如烟草的使用、研究的空白和社会干预的缺失等重要议题,以展示研究者、从业人员以及决策者所面临的潜在挑战与机遇。从社会医学、行为健康、心理卫生、压力、社会支持网络、社区教育、社会福利以及公共政策等交叉学科视角,对这些问题及其解决措施进行了分析和探讨,为专家提出可能有用的建议,并指导有研究兴趣的学生从事相关领域的研究。     

Assessing market penetration combining scenario analysis, Delphi, and the technological substitution model: The case of the OLED TV market

The technological substitution model, proposed in 1971, was designed to analyze the penetration process of new-generation technologies replacing old ones. It was expanded in 1979 to consider more than two generations and the substitution process among various entities in the market. However, this expanded model is often limited by a relative lack of data on the latest-generation technology.On the other hand, scenario analysis, as another breed to forecasting tool, provides rich and complex portraits of possible future development of technologies. However, it fails to provide quantifiable forecasts. Therefore, previous researchers combined these two methods to analyze the development of new technologies.Nevertheless, to make forecasting more holistic, the current opinions of seasoned experts should also be taken into account. However, because of the often-diverged expert opinions, a method for consensus building, such as the Delphi method, is also necessary. Therefore, we combined the scenario analysis with the Delphi method and the technological substitution model to analyze the development of a new technology, namely, the latest-generation television (TV), or the organic light-emitting diode (OLED) TV. We elaborate three possible scenarios, and forecast the market share of OLED TV and four other TV technologies in the global market over the next 10 years: cathode ray tube, rear projection, plasma display panel, and liquid crystal display.     

新时期我国农村人口贫困化问题研究

20世纪我国农村贫困人口的快速下降得到了国际社会的广泛好评。但是进入新世纪以后,农村贫困问题并没有继续得到明显改善,农村贫困出现了新的特征。农村的贫困成因是多方面的,如资源禀赋不足、自然灾害、农民素质问题、国家扶贫力度不够等等。文章从客观因素、政策因素两个方面分析了我国农村贫困化的原因,同时就如何解决贫困问题给出了较为科学的建议。     

Will China’s population aging be a threat to its future consumption?

ABSTRACT

Based on the household level survey data, the paper makes a projection on China’s household consumption in 2049 with reasonable assumptions of disposable income, demographic structure, urbanization rate and total population in 2049. The results show that at annual income growth rates of 3%, 4% and 5%, China’s total household consumption in 2049 will be 71.0, 97.8 and 133.8 trillion CNY, respectively, 3.1~5.8 times of the total household consumption in 2015. Moreover, our projection shows that even excluding the income growth effect, the future consumption increased by rapid urbanization is much larger than the consumption depressed by the demographic change. The result highlights that as long as the Chinese government can successfully eliminate institutional constraints imposed on rural-urban migration, such as Hukou system or residency permits in the urban areas, population aging would not be a major threat to its future development.