中国养老保险新制度的经济学分析

文章用交叠世代模型考察中国2005年修订的部分积累制养老保险,分析个人缴费率、企业缴费率和人口增长率对资本劳动比、社会统筹养老金、个人账户本金、个人的消费和效用产生的影响。证明了提高个人缴费率会使个人账户本金增加,对资本劳动比、社会统筹养老金、个人的消费和效用都没有影响。提高企业缴费率会使资本劳动比和个人账户本金减少;在满足一定条件下才能使社会统筹养老金增加;在动态有效时会使工作期消费和效用下降。人口增长率下降会使资本劳动比和个人账户本金增加。因此,要增加个人账户本金,就应提高个人缴费率或降低企业缴费率或严格执行计划生育政策;值得注意的是提高企业缴费率不一定能增加社会统筹养老金。     

生育政策调整、退休年龄延迟与城镇职工基本养老保险最优缴费率

文章基于“十三五”规划建议提出适当降低社会保险费率的现实背景,从社会福利最大化视角,运用一般均衡模型对五种生育情景下不同退休年龄的城镇职工基本养老保险最优社会统筹缴费率进行测算,并分析降低社会统筹缴费率的经济效应。研究表明：（1）最优社会统筹缴费率随退休年龄的延长而下降,随人口增长率的上升而提高。0％－100％符合全面二孩政策规定的妇女生育二孩,使退休年龄为60岁时的最优社会统筹缴费率降到191．8％－196．3％,使退休年龄为65岁时的最优缴费率降到107．7％－116．4％。（2）除了受生育政策和退休年龄影响外,最优社会统筹缴费率对物质资本产出弹性、个人主观效用贴现因子和社会贴现因子的敏感性也较强。（3）降低社会统筹缴费率具有积极的经济效应,不仅能促进经济增长和增进社会福利,而且有助于完善我国多层次养老保险体系。因此,文章为降低城镇职工基本养老保险社会统筹缴费率的改革提供了依据。     

我国养老保险制度改革对工资增长影响的分析

随着我国养老保险事业改革的不断推进,统筹层次不断提高和覆盖范围的逐渐扩大,养老保险制度会对宏观经济的均衡工资率水平产生何种程度的影响是亟待研究的重大问题.本文选择我国养老保险制度在1997年和2005年的改革为研究对象,通过建立一般均衡模型从理论上分析了我国养老保险改革对工资总额增长率的影响,并结合来自<中国统计年鉴>的数据客观全面地评估养老保险制度改革与工资增长率之间的关系.本文研究结论为:1997年的改革提高了缴费率水平.降低了国有企业的工资总额增长率;而2005年的改革加大了养老金计发工资基数的激励系数,提高了国有企业工资总额的增长率.     

个人视角下养老保险基金收支平衡研究

文章从个人角度模拟并分析了当前养老金收支情况。计算结果显示：在当前养老保险体系下,个人退休后养老金领取额约为其养老保险金缴纳额的两倍。随着少子老龄化与劳动力短缺问题的出现,个人层面收支失衡将逐渐演化为社会养老保险支付压力与代际压力。基于上述研究结果和对个人养老保险收支均衡的情景分析和政策模拟,提出三种改进方法,从结果上看,实施延迟退休政策和提高退休年龄对应计发月数较为有效,而改变养老保险缴费率可能会带来个人与社会层面的目标矛盾。建议：一是尽快确定并实施全国性的延迟退休方案;二是妥善处理养老金个人账户问题;三是提高个人账户养老金计发月数;四是提供多种养老保险制度。     

当前我国养老保险制度的问题及相关对策

我国已建立覆盖城镇职工和城乡居民的养老保险制度。但缴费率较高引发逃避费行为、个人账户"空转"、城乡居民实际缴费档次低、退休年龄与预期寿命不匹配、过于依赖财政等问题阻碍了养老保险制度的进一步发展。未来可从降低缴费率、提高个人账户投资回报率、完善城乡居民缴费激励机制、实行弹性退休年龄制、推动全国统筹以及发展养老保障的其他支柱等方面完善我国养老保险制度。     

影响养老保险基金收支平衡的其他因素

缴费率、替代水平和抚养比、工资增长率、养老金增值率、通货膨胀、人口迁移、经济景气变动、财政等因素也是影响养老保险基金收支平衡的重要因素，这些因素本身并不是养老保险制度所规定的，但却是建立养老保险制度时不能不考虑的外部因素。     

基本养老保险个人账户基金管理的建议

正党的十四届三中全会确立了基本养老保险社会统筹和个人账户相结合的模式,社会统筹基金与个人账户基金彼此独立,分别支付基础养老金(主要与社会平均工资挂钩)和个人账户养老金(主要与个人缴费相关),但由于当时老职工过去并没有个人账户基金积累,对他们在传统制度下获得的养老金承诺,单靠新制度中社会统筹基金又不足支付,在没有明确渠道给予补偿的情况下,就只能动用在职职工积累的个人账户基金满足当期支付     

进一步完善养老保险制度

中国的养老保险制度已经走过了近５０年的风雨历程，随着我国由计划经济体制向社会主义市场经济体制的转化，旧体制与新体制的矛盾，使养老保险制度在其发展过程中也出现了一些缺陷，阻碍了养老保险制度的发展与创新。一、现行养老保险制度（一）现行养老保险制度的结构、特点我国现行养老保险制度，实行社会统筹与个人账户相结合的模式。从基金筹集方式看，职工个人缴费按本人工资１１％的数额计入个人账户，企业按一般不超过职工工资总额的２０％缴费，其中一部分划入个人账户，另一部分形成统筹基金。从养老金计发办法看，基本养老金由基…     

我国最优混合养老保险体制的选择:收益和风险分析

养老金研究的核心问题之一在于选择合适的养老金计划运行方式。文章基于中国实际,通过引入随机性的"权衡理论"模型分析发现,在代表性参保人效用最大化前提下,运行方式选择类似于金融资产组合问题。所谓的艾隆条件只是在确定性模型下的特定结果。在加入风险因素后,即便在艾隆条件下,引入一定的积累制也将改善养老金体系的运行状况。两种制度最优的混合比例将受到人口增长率、工资增长率、个人风险规避倾向和金融市场因素的共同影响。分析结果表明提高养老金计划运行收益率和养老基金分散化投资有利于增进参保人效用。     

关于完善我国基本养老保险制度的思考

我国的社会基本养老保险始建于20世纪50年代初期,由国家与企业按照现收现付模式筹资。1991年6月国务院明确提出“逐步建立起养老保险与企业补充养老保险和个人储蓄性养老保险相结合的制度。”1995年3月又提出了社会统筹与个人账户相结合的制度,1997年颁布《关于建立统一的企业职工基本养老保险制度的决定》,正式确定：我国社会养老保险基金实行社会统筹与个人账户相结合的制度的部分基金积累制的模式。     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

Toward a Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Organizational Life

Synopsis Classification is an important activity that facilitates theory development in many academic disciplines. Scholars in fields such as organizational science, management science and economics and have long recognized that classification offers an approach for ordering and understanding the diversity of organizational taxa (groups of one or more similar organizational entities). However, even the most prominent organizational classifications have limited utility, as they tend to be shaped by a specific research bias, inadequate units of analysis and a standard neoclassical economic view that does not naturally accommodate the disequilibrium dynamics of modern competition. The result is a relatively large number of individual and unconnected organizational classifications, which tend to ignore the processes of change responsible for organizational diversity. Collectively they fail to provide any sort of universal system for ordering, compiling and presenting knowledge on organizational diversity. This paper has two purposes. First, it reviews the general status of the major theoretical approaches to biological and organizational classification and compares the methods and resulting classifications derived from each approach. Definitions of key terms and a discussion on the three principal schools of biological classification (evolutionary systematics, phenetics and cladistics) are included in this review. Second, this paper aims to encourage critical thinking and debate about the use of the cladistic classification approach for inferring and representing the historical relationships underpinning organizational diversity. This involves examining the feasibility of applying the logic of common ancestry to populations of organizations. Consequently, this paper is exploratory and preparatory in style, with illustrations and assertions concerning the study and classification of organizational diversity.     

Information infrastructure: Who builds broadband networks?

This paper examines the essential difference between the U.S. and Japan, when one considers information infrastructure. There are seven perception gaps between the U.S. and Japan concerning Information Infrastructure policies. These gaps must be understood in order to compare the countries' governmental policies in this area. In looking at the present circumstances, the essential question to answer concerns who is to build, own and operate the network(s) of the infrastructure. Liberalization is certain to be a central factor in the ongoing telecommunications debates. Now that customers have had a taste of the liberalized market-place, the movement toward more open markets will be difficult to stop. When considering options, it is necessary to pay close attention to standardized network access and the increasingly important role software plays. These issues are causing us to take a new approach to the traditional role played by regulators. They also force a closer look at the appropriate structure of utility companies. This paper addresses the above issues in hopes of stimulating dialog on the new telecommunications infrastructure paradigm.     

海岛地区产业演替及资源基础分析--以舟山群岛为例

改革开放以来,舟山市产业构成发生了显著变化,其经济发展过程可以划分为三个阶段。1992年前,是以产业结构渔业占绝对地位的单一结构阶段;1993—1998年,以旅游业为主的第三产业快速发展阶段;上世纪末以来,又进入了新一轮的经济发展时期,即工业产值比重快速增加阶段。根据海岛的自然资源基础和特点,在新世纪的经济发展过程中,舟山市应定位为生态型的港口旅游城市。以港口及临港工业为主导,以海岛旅游和海洋经济为特色,大力发展第二产业和第三产业。海岛地区的主导产业应体现海岛资源优势及区位优势,以集群性环保型产业为主。同时由于海岛地区淡水资源缺乏,主导产业也应着重选择低耗水型产业。     

风险视角下企业治理结构和研发创新——基于委托代理模型的研究

本文基于委托代理模型,从风险的视角研究企业治理结构对研发创新能力的影响。本文构建了一个包含创新活动的委托代理模型进行理论分析,利用动态DEA 模型测算创新能力,并使用2015-2018年我国上市制造业企业数据进行实证检验。实证部分检验了理论结论:委托代理问题不利于企业提升研发创新能力,且客观风险和主观风险厌恶会加剧该负面影响。基于此,本文认为上市企业应根据企业自身研发活动特点有针对性地改善企业治理结构,提出了适当延长代理人任期、推动股权激励计划、提升代理人的风险承担能力等建议。     

生物群落结构原型的仿生学模拟

模拟生命系统管理规律的科学即管理仿生学,是知识时代仿生学研究的新领域与前沿.基于模拟生物群落结构规律的研究目的,采用仿生学模拟的研究方法,以生物群落结构为原型,建立了仿生群落结构模型.结论为:垂直结构、水平结构、时间结构与交错区结构是支持生物群落生命活动的结构规律,以该规律为原型,推理建立了仿生分层结构、仿生优化结构、仿生动态结构与仿生相邻结构,四种仿生结构分别侧重于管理资源的分层管理、局部优化管理、动态过程管理、相邻关系管理,该模型为建立类似生物群落的人造管理系统即仿生群落管理系统提供了仿生结构模型.可以预测,该模型具有广泛的应用价值,能够推动管理仿生学的发展.